Sex Reversal in Vertebrates PDF Download

Author: Eric Pailhoux
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783318060102
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
This special topic issue of Sexual Development gives an overview of sex reversal in vertebrates, from fishes naturally changing their sex, to rodents escaping the mammalian SRY-determining system. It offers eight up-to-date reviews on specific subjects in sex reversal, considering fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, marsupials, and placental mammals, including humans. The broad scope of represented animals makes this ideal for students and researchers, especially those interested in the evolution of sex-determination mechanism, as they seek to update their knowledge of sex differentiation in vertebrates.

Author: Nicole Valenzuela
Publisher: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 212

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Book Description
Edited by the world's foremost authorities on the subject, with essays by leading scholars in the field, this work shows how the sex of reptiles and many fish is determined not by the chromosomes they inherit but by the temperature at which incubation takes place.

Author: Gerd Scherer
Publisher: Birkhäuser
ISBN: 3034877811
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 210

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Book Description
Following an opening chapter by the late Susumu Ohno on paralogues of sex-determining genes, the five best-studied genes essential for early mammalian gonadal development are portrayed in detail: SF-1 and WT1 and their roles in early events in gonadal development, SRY and SOX9 in testis determination, and the anti-testis gene DAX-1. Subsequent chapters look at the roles of these genes in sex determination in marsupial mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, and review the different sex-determining mechanisms, genetic and environmental, that operate in these different vertebrate classes. Two insights emerge: one, that the same basic set of genes appears to operate during early gonadal development in all vertebrates, despite the differences in mechanisms; the other, that sex determination in vertebrates results from a complex network of regulatory interactions and not from a simple hierarchical cascade of gene actions.

Author: Alberto J. Solari
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780849345715
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 340

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Book Description
The cloning of the SRY gene and the attainment of XX mice transgenic for the Sry gene opened a new era in research on sex determination. This book surveys current knowledge of sex chromosomes and sex determination in all vertebrate classes, relying on the restriction of genetic recombination in sex chromosomes as the unifying concept of this subject. The book's interdisciplinary approach integrates contributions from the fields of cytogenetics, molecular biology, developmental biology, and evolutionary genetics. A detailed treatment of the meiotic behavior of sex chromosomes is featured, and the entire text is supplemented by numerous schemes, drawings, and electron micrographs. The book will be valuable to general cytogeneticists, vertebrate zoologists, and veterinarian and medical practitioners interested in the foundations of sex determination and the current knowledge of sex chromosomes. It will also interest students in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in these areas.

Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128115041
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 394

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Book Description
Sex Determination, Volume 134, the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series, contains current reviews in the field of vertebrate sex determination. It covers molecular pathways of sex determination in genetic and environmental species and encompasses both sex determination of somatic lineages and commitment of germ cells to male or female fate. Chapters in this new release cover, amongst other topics, Mapping the Sox9 Enhancer Elements, Epigenetic Regulation of Sex Determination, Evolution and Management of Sex Chromosomes, Regulation of Germ Cell Sex Identity in Medaka, Control of Sex Determination in Zebrafish, Sexually Dimorphic Germ Cell Identity in Mammals, and more. Contains reviews written by leading experts in each field Includes informative figures that illustrate principle points that are useful for teaching Written in a style that is clear and simple

Author: Kristen J. Navara
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319712713
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 246

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Book Description
There is extensive evidence that vertebrates of all classes have the ability to control the sexes of the offspring they produce. Despite dramatic differences in the mechanisms by which different taxa determine the initial sex of offspring, each group has found its own way of adjusting offspring sex ratios in response to social and environmental cues. For example, stress is a well-known modulator of offspring sex in members of all groups studied to date. Food availability, and limitation in particular, is another common cue that stimulates biases in offspring sex ratios in a wide variety of species. Offspring sex can be adjusted at the primary level, which occurs prior to conception, or at the secondary level, during embryonic development. While the mechanistic pathways that ultimately result in sex ratio biases and the developmental time-points sensitive to those mechanisms likely differ among taxa, the key involvement of steroid hormones in the process of sex ratio adjustment appears to be pervasive throughout. This book reviews the systems of sex determination at play in different vertebrate groups, summarizes the evidence that members of all vertebrate taxa can facultatively adjust offspring sex, and discusses when and how these adjustments can take place.

Author: Phillip Ross Pearson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
Sex in vertebrates is typically understood to follow two primary modes of sex determination: genotypic sex determination and environmental sex determination. In genotypic sex determination (GSD), the genes that trigger sex differentiation are located on sex-specific chromosomes and are typically either male heterogametic (XX female and XY male) or female heterogametic (ZZ male and ZW female). Organisms with environmental sex determination (ESD) have no sex chromosomes, and the presence of an environmental cue (e.g., temperature) triggers sexual differentiation. Despite this conceptual dichotomy in sex determination, several lineages of vertebrates with GSD have shown a temperature override of sexual differentiation pathways producing sex-reversed individuals. These sex-reversed individuals have a mismatched sexual genotype and phenotype (e.g., ZZ female). Within reptiles, several species have exhibited sex reversal under laboratory and natural conditions, and it has been proposed that the propensity for sex reversal may partly explain the multiple evolutionary transitions between GSD and ESD (in the form of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD)) seen in this taxon. Identifying how or if sex reversal influences fitness related traits of a species is critical to understanding how modes of sex determination evolve or persist in a population. Here, I use a combination of laboratory and field-based studies to understand the consequences of sex reversal in the Central Bearded Dragon lizard (Pogona vitticeps) by 1) quantifying reproductive output and the propensity to sex reverse between captive concordant and sex-reversed females; 2) quantifying morphology, growth, survival, and locomotor performance of the offspring of both concordant and sex-reversed females; 3) quantifying the nesting behaviours of free-ranging P. vitticeps, and 4) using predictive models to understand the relative risk of sex reversal. Using a captive colony of P. vitticeps, I measured the reproductive rate of concordant (ZW) and sex-reversed (ZZ) females across two reproductive seasons and analysed historical data. I found that sex-reversed females produce fewer eggs per reproductive season than concordant females. This is contrary to previous published findings. I show that one hyper-fecund, sex-reversed female drove the results from the previous study. Additionally, I note that the pivotal temperature for offspring of concordant mothers is lower than previously suggested and not significantly different than sex-reversed mothers. I also found that sex-reversed females produce larger eggs suggesting that there may be a trade-off between reproductive rate and egg size. These results suggest that sex reversal does not provide a reproductive advantage. Then, I used the offspring produced from the previous study to quantify fitness-related phenotypes. I found that offspring of sex-reversed mothers are larger with better body condition at hatching than those of concordant mothers, but this difference dissipates quickly after hatching. Maternal sex genotype did not influence growth, survival, performance, or critical thermal limits. However, developmental temperatures did influence locomotor performance as well as the critical thermal minimums of offspring. The larger size at hatching afforded to offspring of sex-reversed mothers may provide an advantage allowing survival to adulthood increasing the persistence of sex reversal in a population. I next used free-ranging, concordant female P. vitticeps to quantify nesting behaviours and nest site microclimate variables. I provide the first documentation of the nesting ecology in this species. Although sample sizes were relatively low, I found that nesting concordant females chose open canopy locations but varied the depth of their nests across the reproductive season, which alters the temperatures experienced by the developing embryos. I show that late season nests have a higher risk of sex reversal than early nests. So far, sex reversal has only been documented in approximately 24 percent of the range of P. vitticeps, while ambient temperatures suggest that sex reversal should extend well beyond. To address my final aim, I deployed temperature loggers and collected microhabitat data from open and shaded potential nest sites at eight locations to determine the relative risk of sex reversal across the species' range. I used these data to test the accuracy of and then inform the microclimate model NicheMapR (Shiny app interface) to predict the risk of sex reversal at these point locations. I found that areas where no sex reversal has been recorded may have refugia that allow females to mitigate the risk of sex reversal. Furthermore, I show that open canopy areas where sex reversal has been documented may be at the greatest risk if females continue to choose open canopy nest sites. Overall, my research suggests a change in the perception of sex reversal in P. vitticeps in the context of evolutionary transitions. Sex reversal does not convey a reproductive advantage, nor does it provide much of an advantage past hatching. Although free-ranging females choose nest sites that may induce sex reversal late in the reproductive season, they may be able to mitigate the risk of sex reversal by altering their behaviours or shifting their reproductive phenology. In full, the phenotypes associated with sex reversal in P. vitticeps alone are unlikely to provide the momentum to advance this species towards a transition in mode of sex determination.

Author: Hanping Wang
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119127270
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1810

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Book Description
Awarded Bookauthority's "Best Aquaculture Books of all Time" A comprehensive resource that covers all the aspects of sex control in aquaculture written by internationally-acclaimed scientists Comprehensive in scope, Sex Control in Aquaculture first explains the concepts and rationale for sex control in aquaculture, which serves different purposes. The most important are: to produce monosex stocks to rear only the fastest-growing sex in some species, to prevent precocious or uncontrolled reproduction in other species and to aid in broodstock management. The application of sex ratio manipulation for population control and invasive species management is also included. Next, this book provides detailed and updated information on the underlying genetic, epigenetic, endocrine and environmental mechanisms responsible for the establishment of the sexes, and explains chromosome set manipulation techniques, hybridization and the latest gene knockout approaches. Furthermore, the book offers detailed protocols and key summarizing information on how sex control is practiced worldwide in 35 major aquaculture species or groups, including fish and crustaceans, and puts the focus on its application in the aquaculture industry. With contributions from an international panel of leading scientists, Sex Control in Aquaculture will appeal to a large audience: aquaculture/fisheries professionals and students, scientists or biologists working with basic aspects of fish/shrimp biology, growth and reproductive endocrinology, genetics, molecular biology, evolutionary biology, and R&D managers and administrators. This text explores sex control technologies and monosex production of commercially-farmed fish and crustacean species that are highly in demand for aquaculture, to improve feed utilization efficiency, reduce energy consumption for reproduction and eliminate a series of problems caused by mixed sex rearing. Thus, this book: Contains contributions from an international panel of leading scientists and professionals in the field Provides comprehensive coverage of both established and new technologies to control sex ratios that are becoming more necessary to increase productivity in aquaculture Includes detailed coverage of the most effective sex control techniques used in the world's most important commercially-farmed species Sex Control in Aquaculture is the comprehensive resource for understanding the biological rationale, scientific principles and real-world practices in this exciting and expanding field.

Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309132975
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 287

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Book Description
It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.

Author: Stanley Maloy
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0080961568
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 4360

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Book Description
The explosion of the field of genetics over the last decade, with the new technologies that have stimulated research, suggests that a new sort of reference work is needed to keep pace with such a fast-moving and interdisciplinary field. Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set, builds on the foundation of the first edition by addressing many of the key subfields of genetics that were just in their infancy when the first edition was published. The currency and accessibility of this foundational content will be unrivalled, making this work useful for scientists and non-scientists alike. Featuring relatively short entries on genetics topics written by experts in that topic, Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set provides an effective way to quickly learn about any aspect of genetics, from Abortive Transduction to Zygotes. Adding to its utility, the work provides short entries that briefly define key terms, and a guide to additional reading and relevant websites for further study. Many of the entries include figures to explain difficult concepts. Key terms in related areas such as biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology are also included, and there are entries that describe historical figures in genetics, providing insights into their careers and discoveries. This 7-volume set represents a 25% expansion from the first edition, with over 1600 articles encompassing this burgeoning field Thoroughly up-to-date, with many new topics and subfields covered that were in their infancy or not inexistence at the time of the first edition. Timely coverage of emergent areas such as epigenetics, personalized genomic medicine, pharmacogenetics, and genetic enhancement technologies Interdisciplinary and global in its outlook, as befits the field of genetics Brief articles, written by experts in the field, which not only discuss, define, and explain key elements of the field, but also provide definition of key terms, suggestions for further reading, and biographical sketches of the key people in the history of genetics