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Author: Debra L. Van Engelen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Gas chromatography Languages : en Pages : 502
Book Description
Spectrometric detection systems for gas chromatography (GC) based on gas phase ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence measurements have been developed and evaluated in this research. Polynuclear aromatic compounds (PNAs) are selectively detected by these systems. Limits of detection for PNAs range from 4 ng to 90 ng for absorbance determinations, and from 3 ng to 400 ng for fluorescence determinations made at a fixed waveband. The spacial design and optical components have been carefully selected to be compatible with hightemperature gas-phase measurements (ca. 250°C) while preserving the resolution of the chromatographic separation and enhancing the sensitivity of the multimode spectrometric determinations. Vapor-phase determinations of GC eluates are made directly as they leave the GC column in specially designed, heated flow-through detector cells with low volume and dead space. A long pathlength cell of 167 mm was used to enhance the sensitivity of the absorbance measurements. High-temperature, quartz fiber optic bundles transmit light to and from the detector cell, thus thermally isolating optical components. There are two configurations for these GC detection systems, each advantageous for either quantitative or qualitative determinations, respectively. In the first, waveband selection is accomplished via optical filters. These simple and compact systems are particularly suited to precise and sensitive determinations of polynuclear aromatic compounds. The sensitivity and selectivity of the absorbance and fluorescence measurements vary with individual compounds. These differences also provide some qualitative information about eluates. The second detection system configuration provides repetitive UV spectral information of GC eluates. This computer-controlled system scans a modified Czerny- Turner monochromator and can acquire up to two 62-nm spectra of eluates per second. Spectral information thus obtained may be used for identification purposes and to locate unresolved GC eluates. After compounds have been separated and identified, fixed waveband spectrometric data acquired at an absorption maximum may be used to determine concentrations.
Author: Debra L. Van Engelen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Gas chromatography Languages : en Pages : 502
Book Description
Spectrometric detection systems for gas chromatography (GC) based on gas phase ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence measurements have been developed and evaluated in this research. Polynuclear aromatic compounds (PNAs) are selectively detected by these systems. Limits of detection for PNAs range from 4 ng to 90 ng for absorbance determinations, and from 3 ng to 400 ng for fluorescence determinations made at a fixed waveband. The spacial design and optical components have been carefully selected to be compatible with hightemperature gas-phase measurements (ca. 250°C) while preserving the resolution of the chromatographic separation and enhancing the sensitivity of the multimode spectrometric determinations. Vapor-phase determinations of GC eluates are made directly as they leave the GC column in specially designed, heated flow-through detector cells with low volume and dead space. A long pathlength cell of 167 mm was used to enhance the sensitivity of the absorbance measurements. High-temperature, quartz fiber optic bundles transmit light to and from the detector cell, thus thermally isolating optical components. There are two configurations for these GC detection systems, each advantageous for either quantitative or qualitative determinations, respectively. In the first, waveband selection is accomplished via optical filters. These simple and compact systems are particularly suited to precise and sensitive determinations of polynuclear aromatic compounds. The sensitivity and selectivity of the absorbance and fluorescence measurements vary with individual compounds. These differences also provide some qualitative information about eluates. The second detection system configuration provides repetitive UV spectral information of GC eluates. This computer-controlled system scans a modified Czerny- Turner monochromator and can acquire up to two 62-nm spectra of eluates per second. Spectral information thus obtained may be used for identification purposes and to locate unresolved GC eluates. After compounds have been separated and identified, fixed waveband spectrometric data acquired at an absorption maximum may be used to determine concentrations.
Author: M. Dressler Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080858392 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 335
Book Description
This book gives a comprehensive, up-to-date review of all selective detectors used in combination with gas chromatography. For each detector, the historical background, design and principle are described, and the working parameters affecting the detector performance are analyzed critically and in detail. The analytical possibilities of the detectors and the main characteristics such as sensitivity, noise and minimum detectability are discussed. All the selective detectors that are currently used are discussed in detail. Combinations of GC with other techniques such as plasma emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, ion-selective electrodes, piezoelectric sorption detector, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy are discussed briefly.Chromatographers and users of gas chromatographs, especially in the field of environmental protection, agriculture, clinical chemistry, and toxicology will find the book useful to their work. Institutes and organisations dealing with analytical chemistry will also find it of interest.
Author: Walter Jennings Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323141072 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 270
Book Description
Analytical Gas Chromatography is a free-standing introduction to and guide through the rapidly progressing field of analytical gas chromatography. The book is divided into 10 chapters that cover various aspects of analytical gas chromatography, from most advantageous column type to troubleshooting. The opening chapters of the book discuss the advantages of the open tubular column over the packed column. This topic is followed by significant chapters on various variables in the gas chromatographic process, including sample injection, stationary phase, carrier gas, and installation. The effect of changes in these variables on the solution elution order is also considered. A chapter also examines the influence of instrumental design features, such as excessive or unswept volumes in the flow path; suitability of the detection mode; and speed and fidelity of the data-handling equipment. The book also presents selected methods that have been employed to achieve better results for a given gas chromatographic problem. The application areas of gas chromatographic process, including food, flavor, fragrance, petroleum- and chemical-related, environment, biology, and medicine, are also presented. The concluding chapter addresses the basic troubleshooting knowledge and considers other chromatographic problems and methods for their rectification.
Author: Edward W. Pitzer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Catalytic cracking Languages : en Pages : 25
Book Description
High-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) is capable of separating a very complex hydrocarbon liquid such as jet propulsion fuel into nearly all of its individual components. However, there is no guarantee that what appears to be a single chromatographic peak is in fact a single fuel component. The method of detecting these HRGC eluents is very often the flame ionization detector (FID), a very sensitive and universally responding hydrocarbon detector. Neither the separating power of HRGC, or the sensitivity of the FID, however, lend information as to the identity of the eluting component. The need to specifically identify HRGC eluents, especially those containing heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, halogens and some materials has been well-documented. The purpose of this report is to review the progress in the area of selective gas chromatographic detectors and to recommend selective detectors for use in the HRGC analysis of jet propulsion fuels. This report will present 24 different selective gas chromatographic detectors. These detectors, while not all directly applicable to the HRGC analysis of jet propulsion fuel, all show the concept of selective detection in gas chromatography. The applicability of these detectors to jet propulsion fuel analyses is determined from a comparison of their complexity and cost versus their effectiveness as high-resolution gas chromatographic detectors. Keywords: Ionization detectors, Fourier, Electron capture, Photoionization, Catalytic ionization, Infrared, Atomic absorption spectrometry, Ultraviolet.
Author: Publisher: Newnes ISBN: 0444626247 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 525
Book Description
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been the technique of choice of analytical scientists for many years. The latest developments in instrumentation, including tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) and time-of-flight (TOF) detectors, have opened up and broadened the scope of environmental analytical chemistry. This book summarizes the major advances and relevant applications of GC-MS techniques over the last 10 years, with chapters by leading authors in the field of environmental chemistry. The authors are drawn from academia, industry and government. The book is organized in three main parts. Part I covers applications of basic GC-MS to solve environmental-related problems. Part II focuses on GC-MS-MS instrumentation for the analyses of a broad range of analysis in environmental samples (pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disruptors, etc.). Part III covers the use of more advanced GC-MS techniques using low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry for many applications related to the environment, food and industry. Summarizes the major advances of GC-MS techniques in the last decade Presents relevant applications of GC-MS techniques Covers academic, industrial and governmental sectors
Author: Katja Dettmer-Wilde Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3642546404 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 904
Book Description
Gas chromatography continues to be one of the most widely used analytical techniques, since its applications today expand into fields such as biomarker research or metabolomics. This new practical textbook enables the reader to make full use of gas chromatography. Essential fundamentals and their implications for the practical work at the instrument are provided, as well as details on the instrumentation such as inlet systems, columns and detectors. Specialized techniques from all aspects of GC are introduced ranging from sample preparation, solvent-free injection techniques, and pyrolysis GC, to separation including fast GC and comprehensive GCxGC and finally detection, such as GC-MS and element-specific detection. Various fields of application such as enantiomer, food, flavor and fragrance analysis, physicochemical measurements, forensic toxicology, and clinical analysis are discussed as well as cutting-edge application in metabolomics is covered.
Author: Colin Poole Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0128206772 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 936
Book Description
Gas Chromatography, Second Edition, offers a single source of authoritative information on all aspects relating to the practice of gas chromatography. A focus on short, topic-focused chapters facilitates the identification of information that will be of immediate interest for familiar or emerging uses of gas chromatography. The book gives those working in both academia and industry the opportunity to learn, refresh and deepen their understanding of fundamental and instrumental aspects of gas chromatography and tools for the interpretation and management of chromatographic data. Users will find a consolidated guide to the selection of separation conditions and the use of auxiliary techniques. This new edition restores the contemporary character of the book with respect to those involved in advancing the technology, analyzing the data produced, or applying the technique to new application areas. New topics covered include hyphenated spectroscopic detectors, micromachined instrument platforms, derivatization and related microchemical techniques, petrochemical applications, volatile compounds in the atmosphere, and more. Includes chapters written by recognized authoritative and visionary experts in the field, thus providing an overview and focused treatments on a single topic Provides comprehensive coverage of modern gas chromatography, from theory, to methods and selected applications Places modern developments in research literature into a general context not always apparent to inexperienced users of the techniques
Author: Debra L. Van Engelen
Author: Debra L. Van Engelen
Author: M. Dressler
Author: Walter Jennings
Author: Jacques Louis LaBrosse
Author: Edward W. Pitzer
Author: Robert S. Melville
Author: 
Author: Katja Dettmer-Wilde
Author: Yadi Zeng
Author: Colin Poole