Author: Lance Cole
Publisher: Pen and Sword Aviation
ISBN: 9781848848962
Category : Aeronautical engineers
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This book tells the tale of the brilliant aerodynamicist Beverley Shenstone MASc, HonFRAes, FAIAA,AFIAS, FCASI, HonOSTIV. As R.J. Mitchell's chief aerodynamicist, it was Shenstone who designed the Spitfire's wing - the wing that gave the Spitfire it crucial advantage in the Battle of Britain and beyond. A quiet man, Shenstone never sought glory for his work, yet in recent years he has been credited as the man who persuaded Mitchell to adopt the ellipse - a modified ellipse that was unique in its shape and its combined use of two integrated aerofoil sections. Shenstone's knife-edge shape reached far back into early aeronautics for its inspiration. This book also names the other forgotten Spitfire design contributors who were Mitchell's men - Mr Faddy, Mr Fear, Mr Fenner, Mr Shirvall, a Prof Howland and others. Intriguingly, Shenstone had left his native Canada and early training as an RCAF pilot, to study at Junkers and then under the father of the delta wing - Alexander Lippisch in Germany in the early 1930s. There, he became immersed in delta wings and flying wings. He also became a glider pilot. The story of how Beverley came to be in the right place at the right time is revealed for the first time. So too are the enigmatic tales of his involvement with the military, the intelligence world, Lord Beaverbrook , the USAF, and Canadian aviation. During the war Shenstone worked at the top secret Wright Patterson air force base and was involved with the Air Ministry and the pro-British movement in America when Shenstone worked for Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid Freeman, the unsung hero behind British defence procurement. Shenstone achieved high office - a President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, technical director at BOAC, chief engineer at BEA and a consultant to several aircraft makers. He was courted by Avro, de Havilland and Vickers, and was the force behind the renaissance of human-powered flight. Using exclusive access to his family documents, his unpublished autobiography and many notes and stories, as well as forensic research, this book details for the first time, a new twist to the Spitfire's story and the secrets of its advanced science. A tale of design and military intelligence reveals a story of a man whose name should be more widely known in the UK, Canada and the aviation world. SELLING POINTS: * Illustrated throughout * Evokes a golden age of aviation design and development * Relay's the story of one of History's most overlooked heroes of aviation design ILLUSTRATIONS: 20 mono photos
Secrets of the Spitfire
Author: Lance Cole
Publisher: Pen and Sword Aviation
ISBN: 9781848848962
Category : Aeronautical engineers
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This book tells the tale of the brilliant aerodynamicist Beverley Shenstone MASc, HonFRAes, FAIAA,AFIAS, FCASI, HonOSTIV. As R.J. Mitchell's chief aerodynamicist, it was Shenstone who designed the Spitfire's wing - the wing that gave the Spitfire it crucial advantage in the Battle of Britain and beyond. A quiet man, Shenstone never sought glory for his work, yet in recent years he has been credited as the man who persuaded Mitchell to adopt the ellipse - a modified ellipse that was unique in its shape and its combined use of two integrated aerofoil sections. Shenstone's knife-edge shape reached far back into early aeronautics for its inspiration. This book also names the other forgotten Spitfire design contributors who were Mitchell's men - Mr Faddy, Mr Fear, Mr Fenner, Mr Shirvall, a Prof Howland and others. Intriguingly, Shenstone had left his native Canada and early training as an RCAF pilot, to study at Junkers and then under the father of the delta wing - Alexander Lippisch in Germany in the early 1930s. There, he became immersed in delta wings and flying wings. He also became a glider pilot. The story of how Beverley came to be in the right place at the right time is revealed for the first time. So too are the enigmatic tales of his involvement with the military, the intelligence world, Lord Beaverbrook , the USAF, and Canadian aviation. During the war Shenstone worked at the top secret Wright Patterson air force base and was involved with the Air Ministry and the pro-British movement in America when Shenstone worked for Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid Freeman, the unsung hero behind British defence procurement. Shenstone achieved high office - a President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, technical director at BOAC, chief engineer at BEA and a consultant to several aircraft makers. He was courted by Avro, de Havilland and Vickers, and was the force behind the renaissance of human-powered flight. Using exclusive access to his family documents, his unpublished autobiography and many notes and stories, as well as forensic research, this book details for the first time, a new twist to the Spitfire's story and the secrets of its advanced science. A tale of design and military intelligence reveals a story of a man whose name should be more widely known in the UK, Canada and the aviation world. SELLING POINTS: * Illustrated throughout * Evokes a golden age of aviation design and development * Relay's the story of one of History's most overlooked heroes of aviation design ILLUSTRATIONS: 20 mono photos
Publisher: Pen and Sword Aviation
ISBN: 9781848848962
Category : Aeronautical engineers
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This book tells the tale of the brilliant aerodynamicist Beverley Shenstone MASc, HonFRAes, FAIAA,AFIAS, FCASI, HonOSTIV. As R.J. Mitchell's chief aerodynamicist, it was Shenstone who designed the Spitfire's wing - the wing that gave the Spitfire it crucial advantage in the Battle of Britain and beyond. A quiet man, Shenstone never sought glory for his work, yet in recent years he has been credited as the man who persuaded Mitchell to adopt the ellipse - a modified ellipse that was unique in its shape and its combined use of two integrated aerofoil sections. Shenstone's knife-edge shape reached far back into early aeronautics for its inspiration. This book also names the other forgotten Spitfire design contributors who were Mitchell's men - Mr Faddy, Mr Fear, Mr Fenner, Mr Shirvall, a Prof Howland and others. Intriguingly, Shenstone had left his native Canada and early training as an RCAF pilot, to study at Junkers and then under the father of the delta wing - Alexander Lippisch in Germany in the early 1930s. There, he became immersed in delta wings and flying wings. He also became a glider pilot. The story of how Beverley came to be in the right place at the right time is revealed for the first time. So too are the enigmatic tales of his involvement with the military, the intelligence world, Lord Beaverbrook , the USAF, and Canadian aviation. During the war Shenstone worked at the top secret Wright Patterson air force base and was involved with the Air Ministry and the pro-British movement in America when Shenstone worked for Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid Freeman, the unsung hero behind British defence procurement. Shenstone achieved high office - a President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, technical director at BOAC, chief engineer at BEA and a consultant to several aircraft makers. He was courted by Avro, de Havilland and Vickers, and was the force behind the renaissance of human-powered flight. Using exclusive access to his family documents, his unpublished autobiography and many notes and stories, as well as forensic research, this book details for the first time, a new twist to the Spitfire's story and the secrets of its advanced science. A tale of design and military intelligence reveals a story of a man whose name should be more widely known in the UK, Canada and the aviation world. SELLING POINTS: * Illustrated throughout * Evokes a golden age of aviation design and development * Relay's the story of one of History's most overlooked heroes of aviation design ILLUSTRATIONS: 20 mono photos
The Buried Spitfires of Burma
Author: Andy Brockman
Publisher: The History Press
ISBN: 0750995378
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 450
Book Description
Rumours of buried Spitfires from the Second World War have spread around the world for seventy-five years. In April 2012, the press reported that the UK had negotiated an agreement with Myanmar for the recovery of twenty crated Spitfires, reportedly buried after WW2. Astonishingly the agreement came about through the single-minded determination of a farmer, David Cundall. Armed with a high-tech survey showing mysterious shapes under the surface of Yangon International Airport, David's expedition is equipped with JCB excavators. But instead of Spitfires, the team unearths a tale of fake history. The Buried Spitfires of Burma explores what happened next as David Cundall's dream unravelled over the course of a historical 'whodunnit' that spans seven decades and three continents. It follows one of the most bizarre stories since the sensational Hitler Diaries hoax.
Publisher: The History Press
ISBN: 0750995378
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 450
Book Description
Rumours of buried Spitfires from the Second World War have spread around the world for seventy-five years. In April 2012, the press reported that the UK had negotiated an agreement with Myanmar for the recovery of twenty crated Spitfires, reportedly buried after WW2. Astonishingly the agreement came about through the single-minded determination of a farmer, David Cundall. Armed with a high-tech survey showing mysterious shapes under the surface of Yangon International Airport, David's expedition is equipped with JCB excavators. But instead of Spitfires, the team unearths a tale of fake history. The Buried Spitfires of Burma explores what happened next as David Cundall's dream unravelled over the course of a historical 'whodunnit' that spans seven decades and three continents. It follows one of the most bizarre stories since the sensational Hitler Diaries hoax.
Secret Wings of World War II
Author: Lance Cole
Publisher: Pen and Sword
ISBN: 147386271X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 189
Book Description
There are many myths and legends surrounding the advanced German aeronautical technology of the Second World War. There are also facts and proven events. Yet within these stories and behind these facts lie conspiracy theories, mistaken assumptions and denials that seem to contradict the evidence. So what really happened? How far ahead were the German scientists? And, of even greater interest, why and how?There have been other books about advanced German wartime aeronautics, yet few authors have fully examined the detail of the designs and their relevance to the fighter and bomber legends of the 1950s and '60s, let alone the current crop of military and civil all-wing or blended-wing aircraft. This book charts the story from it origins, through current-day innovations and beyond, into the all-wing future of tomorrow.
Publisher: Pen and Sword
ISBN: 147386271X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 189
Book Description
There are many myths and legends surrounding the advanced German aeronautical technology of the Second World War. There are also facts and proven events. Yet within these stories and behind these facts lie conspiracy theories, mistaken assumptions and denials that seem to contradict the evidence. So what really happened? How far ahead were the German scientists? And, of even greater interest, why and how?There have been other books about advanced German wartime aeronautics, yet few authors have fully examined the detail of the designs and their relevance to the fighter and bomber legends of the 1950s and '60s, let alone the current crop of military and civil all-wing or blended-wing aircraft. This book charts the story from it origins, through current-day innovations and beyond, into the all-wing future of tomorrow.
Secrets of a Runaway Bride
Author: Valerie Bowman
Publisher: St. Martin's Paperbacks
ISBN: 1466813202
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 384
Book Description
SECRETS OF A RUNAWAY BRIDE Valerie Bowman Miss Annie Andrews is finally free to marry the man she loves. With her overprotective sister out of the country on her honeymoon, nothing can prevent her flight to Gretna Green—nothing, that is, but an abduction by the wrong gentleman. When Jordan Holloway, the Earl of Ashbourne, promised to look after his best friend's sister-in-law, he didn't realize she would prove so difficult. But when he spirits her away to his country house to prevent her elopement, he discovers that the tempting beauty knows how to put up a fight. To make matters worse, he's stuck playing the role of honorable protector...when what he really wants is to run away with her himself.
Publisher: St. Martin's Paperbacks
ISBN: 1466813202
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 384
Book Description
SECRETS OF A RUNAWAY BRIDE Valerie Bowman Miss Annie Andrews is finally free to marry the man she loves. With her overprotective sister out of the country on her honeymoon, nothing can prevent her flight to Gretna Green—nothing, that is, but an abduction by the wrong gentleman. When Jordan Holloway, the Earl of Ashbourne, promised to look after his best friend's sister-in-law, he didn't realize she would prove so difficult. But when he spirits her away to his country house to prevent her elopement, he discovers that the tempting beauty knows how to put up a fight. To make matters worse, he's stuck playing the role of honorable protector...when what he really wants is to run away with her himself.
Secrets of the Spitfire
Author: Lance Cole
Publisher: Casemate Publishers
ISBN: 1781599963
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 538
Book Description
This book tells the tale of the brilliant aerodynamicist Beverley Shenstone MASc, HonFRAes, FAIAA,AFIAS, FCASI, HonOSTIV. As R.J. Mitchells chief aerodynamicist, it was Shenstone who designed the Spitfires wing the wing that gave the Spitfire it crucial advantage in the Battle of Britain and beyond. A quiet man, Shenstone never sought glory for his work, yet in recent years he has been credited as the man who persuaded Mitchell to adopt the ellipse a modified ellipse that was unique in its shape and its combined use of two integrated aerofoil sections. Shenstones knife-edge shape reached far back into early aeronautics for its inspiration. This book also names the other forgotten Spitfire design contributors who were Mitchells men Mr Faddy, Mr Fear, Mr Fenner, Mr Shirvall, a Prof Howland and others.Intriguingly, Shenstone had left his native Canada and early training as an RCAF pilot, to study at Junkers and then under the father of the delta wing Alexander Lippisch in Germany in the early 1930s. There, he became immersed in delta wings and flying wings. He also became a glider pilot. The story of how Beverley came to be in the right place at the right time is revealed for the first time. So too are the enigmatic tales of his involvement with the military, the intelligence world, Lord Beaverbrook , the USAF, and Canadian aviation.During the war Shenstone worked at the top secret Wright Patterson air force base and was involved with the Air Ministry and the pro-British movement in America when Shenstone worked for Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid Freeman, the unsung hero behind British defence procurement. Shenstone achieved high office a President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, technical director at BOAC, chief engineer at BEA and a consultant to several aircraft makers. He was courted by Avro, de Havilland and Vickers, and was the force behind the renaissance of human-powered flight.Using exclusive access to his family documents, his unpublished autobiography and many notes and stories, as well as forensic research, this book details for the first time, a new twist to the Spitfires story and the secrets of its advanced science. A tale of design and military intelligence reveals a story of a man whose name should be more widely known in the UK, Canada and the aviation world.
Publisher: Casemate Publishers
ISBN: 1781599963
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 538
Book Description
This book tells the tale of the brilliant aerodynamicist Beverley Shenstone MASc, HonFRAes, FAIAA,AFIAS, FCASI, HonOSTIV. As R.J. Mitchells chief aerodynamicist, it was Shenstone who designed the Spitfires wing the wing that gave the Spitfire it crucial advantage in the Battle of Britain and beyond. A quiet man, Shenstone never sought glory for his work, yet in recent years he has been credited as the man who persuaded Mitchell to adopt the ellipse a modified ellipse that was unique in its shape and its combined use of two integrated aerofoil sections. Shenstones knife-edge shape reached far back into early aeronautics for its inspiration. This book also names the other forgotten Spitfire design contributors who were Mitchells men Mr Faddy, Mr Fear, Mr Fenner, Mr Shirvall, a Prof Howland and others.Intriguingly, Shenstone had left his native Canada and early training as an RCAF pilot, to study at Junkers and then under the father of the delta wing Alexander Lippisch in Germany in the early 1930s. There, he became immersed in delta wings and flying wings. He also became a glider pilot. The story of how Beverley came to be in the right place at the right time is revealed for the first time. So too are the enigmatic tales of his involvement with the military, the intelligence world, Lord Beaverbrook , the USAF, and Canadian aviation.During the war Shenstone worked at the top secret Wright Patterson air force base and was involved with the Air Ministry and the pro-British movement in America when Shenstone worked for Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid Freeman, the unsung hero behind British defence procurement. Shenstone achieved high office a President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, technical director at BOAC, chief engineer at BEA and a consultant to several aircraft makers. He was courted by Avro, de Havilland and Vickers, and was the force behind the renaissance of human-powered flight.Using exclusive access to his family documents, his unpublished autobiography and many notes and stories, as well as forensic research, this book details for the first time, a new twist to the Spitfires story and the secrets of its advanced science. A tale of design and military intelligence reveals a story of a man whose name should be more widely known in the UK, Canada and the aviation world.
The Spitfire Series
Author: Jordan Silver
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781499165630
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 456
Book Description
This volume contains the first three books of The Spitfire Series The Mouth Shane Flanagan is Prince of the City and all around badass; that is until he comes up against Arianna Rossi the young spitfire with nothing but guts and determination on her side. They butt heads at every turn as they each battle for dominance. Who will be the victor in this tug of war as they circle each other while keeping their enemies at bay? Shane the tough young don? Or Ari the mouthy younger woman with a truck load of secrets? Lady Boss The mouthy one is back and she's chocked full of surprises; how will bad boy Shane Flanagan, Prince of the City handle the big reveal; how will he react when he learns exactly why Arianna Rossi has been hiding out in his town? Will the closeness they've only just found with each other be threatened by what's been kept in the dark and what is yet to come? Beautiful Assassin Shane Flanagan Prince of the City and his young lover Arianna Rossi whom he just learnt is actually Princess of the Underworld syndicate of the country are back in this fast paced tale of mob wars, assassinations and take overs. By day the two butt heads because Shane wants her as far away from the violence that touched his life as possible while Arianna believes in protecting her loved ones by any means necessary; but at night when the guns and other weapons of choice were on the nightstand these two hot blooded lovers relieved their passions in each other's arms.
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781499165630
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 456
Book Description
This volume contains the first three books of The Spitfire Series The Mouth Shane Flanagan is Prince of the City and all around badass; that is until he comes up against Arianna Rossi the young spitfire with nothing but guts and determination on her side. They butt heads at every turn as they each battle for dominance. Who will be the victor in this tug of war as they circle each other while keeping their enemies at bay? Shane the tough young don? Or Ari the mouthy younger woman with a truck load of secrets? Lady Boss The mouthy one is back and she's chocked full of surprises; how will bad boy Shane Flanagan, Prince of the City handle the big reveal; how will he react when he learns exactly why Arianna Rossi has been hiding out in his town? Will the closeness they've only just found with each other be threatened by what's been kept in the dark and what is yet to come? Beautiful Assassin Shane Flanagan Prince of the City and his young lover Arianna Rossi whom he just learnt is actually Princess of the Underworld syndicate of the country are back in this fast paced tale of mob wars, assassinations and take overs. By day the two butt heads because Shane wants her as far away from the violence that touched his life as possible while Arianna believes in protecting her loved ones by any means necessary; but at night when the guns and other weapons of choice were on the nightstand these two hot blooded lovers relieved their passions in each other's arms.
The Spitfire Grill
Author: James Valcq
Publisher: Samuel French, Inc.
ISBN: 9780573629303
Category : Drama
Languages : en
Pages : 84
Book Description
It all starts with the release of fidgety, suspicious Percy Talbott from state prison after serving a five-year sentence. We don't know why, only that she's released and on her way to Gilead and its "colors of paradise." But when she arrives it is February and bitter cold, and the only one around to meet her is restless Sheriff Joe Turner, who takes her to the Spitfire Grill to help the aging Hannah Ferguson run the diner. All is gray, dismal and listless around them, and the characters are in the "winter of their lives" emotionally and spiritually.
Publisher: Samuel French, Inc.
ISBN: 9780573629303
Category : Drama
Languages : en
Pages : 84
Book Description
It all starts with the release of fidgety, suspicious Percy Talbott from state prison after serving a five-year sentence. We don't know why, only that she's released and on her way to Gilead and its "colors of paradise." But when she arrives it is February and bitter cold, and the only one around to meet her is restless Sheriff Joe Turner, who takes her to the Spitfire Grill to help the aging Hannah Ferguson run the diner. All is gray, dismal and listless around them, and the characters are in the "winter of their lives" emotionally and spiritually.
Legally Ours
Author: Nicole French
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781980341369
Category : Businessmen
Languages : en
Pages : 488
Book Description
"Skylar Crosby knows betrayal. She knows that deep stab when those closest to you deceive your fragile trust. And she knows what it's like when your secrets cost you everything--including the love of your life. Now kidnapped, scared, and alone, Skylar has no reason to believe in her rescue. Not when she can still see Brandon's face as she smashed his heart to pieces. Even if Skylar can get out of her physical prison, can she escape the cage created by her guilt? Brandon Sterling spent the last fifteen years desperately trying to reinvent himself: as a lawyer, a businessman, and now a candidate for public office. But as these daily stressors mount alongside a dangerous threat to his family and loved ones, the old Brandon reemerges: a ruthless hoodlum who'd rather use fists than brains to solve his problems. Now, when the one he loves most is taken, can Brandon move past her deceit in order to find her? And if he does, will Skylar still want the man he's become in order to protect her?"--Back cover.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781980341369
Category : Businessmen
Languages : en
Pages : 488
Book Description
"Skylar Crosby knows betrayal. She knows that deep stab when those closest to you deceive your fragile trust. And she knows what it's like when your secrets cost you everything--including the love of your life. Now kidnapped, scared, and alone, Skylar has no reason to believe in her rescue. Not when she can still see Brandon's face as she smashed his heart to pieces. Even if Skylar can get out of her physical prison, can she escape the cage created by her guilt? Brandon Sterling spent the last fifteen years desperately trying to reinvent himself: as a lawyer, a businessman, and now a candidate for public office. But as these daily stressors mount alongside a dangerous threat to his family and loved ones, the old Brandon reemerges: a ruthless hoodlum who'd rather use fists than brains to solve his problems. Now, when the one he loves most is taken, can Brandon move past her deceit in order to find her? And if he does, will Skylar still want the man he's become in order to protect her?"--Back cover.
Legally Mine
Author: Nicole French
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781980335061
Category : Businessmen
Languages : en
Pages : 476
Book Description
What's the point of falling in love if it only breaks your heart?I should be flying high. I've graduated from law school, and I'm ready to start my career. So, why do I feel like I'm carrying the world on my shoulders instead of standing on top of it?Oh, right. Him. Bad boy. Billionaire. Larger-than-life Brandon Sterling. In a few short months, he became the center of my universe, only to flip it upside down and inside out, leaving me to make the biggest decision of my life alone. I don't want to miss him like I do. I don't want to love him like I do. But I don't seem to have a choice in the matter.So, the question is, when he comes back--if he comes back--will he forgive me for what I've done?
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781980335061
Category : Businessmen
Languages : en
Pages : 476
Book Description
What's the point of falling in love if it only breaks your heart?I should be flying high. I've graduated from law school, and I'm ready to start my career. So, why do I feel like I'm carrying the world on my shoulders instead of standing on top of it?Oh, right. Him. Bad boy. Billionaire. Larger-than-life Brandon Sterling. In a few short months, he became the center of my universe, only to flip it upside down and inside out, leaving me to make the biggest decision of my life alone. I don't want to miss him like I do. I don't want to love him like I do. But I don't seem to have a choice in the matter.So, the question is, when he comes back--if he comes back--will he forgive me for what I've done?
The Spitfire Kids
Author: Alasdair Cross
Publisher: Headline
ISBN: 9781472281999
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
THE SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER 'An inspirational read celebrating the incredible young people who gave so much for this iconic British aircraft'. John Nichol, bestselling author of Spitfire: A Very British Love Story Despite the many films and television programmes over the decades since the end of the Second World War that portrays our allied heroes as grown-up men and women, the Battle of Britain was in the main actually fought and won by teenagers. The average age of an RAF fighter pilot was just twenty years old. Many of the men and women who designed and built their planes were even younger. Based on the hit BBC World Service podcast Spitfire: The People's Story, we use contemporary diaries and memoirs, many of them previously unpublished, to tell the story of the Spitfire through the voices of the teenagers who risked everything to design, build and fly her. This isn't a story of stiff-upper lips, stoical moustaches and aerial heroics; it's a story of love and loss, a story of young people tested to the very limits of their endurance. Young people who won a battle that turned a war.
Publisher: Headline
ISBN: 9781472281999
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
THE SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER 'An inspirational read celebrating the incredible young people who gave so much for this iconic British aircraft'. John Nichol, bestselling author of Spitfire: A Very British Love Story Despite the many films and television programmes over the decades since the end of the Second World War that portrays our allied heroes as grown-up men and women, the Battle of Britain was in the main actually fought and won by teenagers. The average age of an RAF fighter pilot was just twenty years old. Many of the men and women who designed and built their planes were even younger. Based on the hit BBC World Service podcast Spitfire: The People's Story, we use contemporary diaries and memoirs, many of them previously unpublished, to tell the story of the Spitfire through the voices of the teenagers who risked everything to design, build and fly her. This isn't a story of stiff-upper lips, stoical moustaches and aerial heroics; it's a story of love and loss, a story of young people tested to the very limits of their endurance. Young people who won a battle that turned a war.