Russian Political Warfare: Origin, Evolution, and Application - Comprehensive Study of Putin's Hybrid Warfare Campaigns Against United States and the West, Crimean Annexation, Ukraine, Gerasimov Model PDF Download
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Author: U. S. Military Publisher: ISBN: 9781520333915 Category : Languages : en Pages : 251
Book Description
Russia's annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 and subsequent activities in Eastern Ukraine are not isolated incidents, but rather a new form of hybrid war, or asymmetric warfare. They are part of a decades-long and continent-spanning Russian political warfare (PW) campaign. Analysis of the origin, history, and evolution of Soviet/Russian PW from 1917 through today reveals that Russia is using PW to assert regional dominance and challenge the unipolarity of the United States and the West. A review of events in Ukraine demonstrates Russia is using its latest evolution of PW doctrine, the Gerasimov Model, to achieve strategic objectives while remaining below the military response threshold of the international community. This paper combines an empirical and case study review of PW, with lessons from the Cold War, to propose a conceptual framework and a supporting model for foreign policy makers, planners, and practitioners to better understand PW. Furthermore, it recommends the United States adopt a proactive PW strategy to support national policy objectives and counter the PW activities of Russia and other rising powers. United States Special Operations Forces are well-suited for PW and will play a pivotal role in a U.S. PW strategy that encompasses all elements of national power and synchronizes the interagency community.CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: RUSSIAN POLITICAL WARFARE * CHAPTER II - POLITICAL WARFARE: ORIGINS AND IMPLEMENTATION * CHAPTER III - THE COLD WAR - PART I: SOVIET POLITICAL WARFARE 1947-1991 * CHAPTER IV - THE COLD WAR - PART II: U.S. POLITICAL WARFARE 1947-1991 * CHAPTER V - THE EVOLUTION OF RUSSIAN POLITICAL WARFARE 1991-2014 * CHAPTER VI - UKRAINE: RUSSIA'S CRISIS IN THE MAKING (1991-2013) * CHAPTER VII - RUSSIAN POLITICAL WARFARE: THE EVOLUTION OF THE GERASIMOV DOCTRINE AND ITS APPLICATION IN UKRAINE * CHAPTER VIII - HYPOTHESIS VALIDATION AND CONCLUSIONS * CHAPTER IX - OPERATIONAL CONCEPT: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONSAND ROLE OF USSOFRussia's PW affects U.S. national interests in three ways: it threatens the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), it destabilizes the global security status quo, and demonstrates that constitutional democracies are vulnerable to PW strategies. NATO's members are guaranteed collective defense against armed aggression, but NATO members in Eastern Europe fear that Russia's current tactics can undermine their sovereignty and redraw their borders without triggering an armed NATO response. As the quintessential status-quo power, U.S. interests are at stake in maintaining the balance of power within, and respect for, the current international system of laws, regulations, and traditions.Russia is demonstrating the effectiveness of using PW strategies to target constitutional democracies. If this trend is not reversed, then it will be repeated in other situations by different actors. America must successfully oppose Russian PW to prevent it from becoming the strategy of choice for emerging regional or global powers opposed to U.S. interests. A broader analysis of Russian PW origins, evolution, and current capacity is needed in order to provide U.S. foreign policy makers and executors with viable options to address it. General policy recommendations for U.S. PW are proposed, as well as specific policy recommendations to enable proactive U.S. PW and counter Russian PW. The policy recommendations are founded on the premise that the United States interagency community is well-structured to embrace PW. The Department of State and its country teams are ideal to take the lead on regional- and country-specific strategies, with all members of the interagency community playing critical roles in advancing a strategy that spans the entire DIME spectrum. USSOF are particularly well-suited for PW and are capable of augmenting interagency efforts across the DIME spectrum.
Author: U. S. Military Publisher: ISBN: 9781520333915 Category : Languages : en Pages : 251
Book Description
Russia's annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 and subsequent activities in Eastern Ukraine are not isolated incidents, but rather a new form of hybrid war, or asymmetric warfare. They are part of a decades-long and continent-spanning Russian political warfare (PW) campaign. Analysis of the origin, history, and evolution of Soviet/Russian PW from 1917 through today reveals that Russia is using PW to assert regional dominance and challenge the unipolarity of the United States and the West. A review of events in Ukraine demonstrates Russia is using its latest evolution of PW doctrine, the Gerasimov Model, to achieve strategic objectives while remaining below the military response threshold of the international community. This paper combines an empirical and case study review of PW, with lessons from the Cold War, to propose a conceptual framework and a supporting model for foreign policy makers, planners, and practitioners to better understand PW. Furthermore, it recommends the United States adopt a proactive PW strategy to support national policy objectives and counter the PW activities of Russia and other rising powers. United States Special Operations Forces are well-suited for PW and will play a pivotal role in a U.S. PW strategy that encompasses all elements of national power and synchronizes the interagency community.CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: RUSSIAN POLITICAL WARFARE * CHAPTER II - POLITICAL WARFARE: ORIGINS AND IMPLEMENTATION * CHAPTER III - THE COLD WAR - PART I: SOVIET POLITICAL WARFARE 1947-1991 * CHAPTER IV - THE COLD WAR - PART II: U.S. POLITICAL WARFARE 1947-1991 * CHAPTER V - THE EVOLUTION OF RUSSIAN POLITICAL WARFARE 1991-2014 * CHAPTER VI - UKRAINE: RUSSIA'S CRISIS IN THE MAKING (1991-2013) * CHAPTER VII - RUSSIAN POLITICAL WARFARE: THE EVOLUTION OF THE GERASIMOV DOCTRINE AND ITS APPLICATION IN UKRAINE * CHAPTER VIII - HYPOTHESIS VALIDATION AND CONCLUSIONS * CHAPTER IX - OPERATIONAL CONCEPT: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONSAND ROLE OF USSOFRussia's PW affects U.S. national interests in three ways: it threatens the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), it destabilizes the global security status quo, and demonstrates that constitutional democracies are vulnerable to PW strategies. NATO's members are guaranteed collective defense against armed aggression, but NATO members in Eastern Europe fear that Russia's current tactics can undermine their sovereignty and redraw their borders without triggering an armed NATO response. As the quintessential status-quo power, U.S. interests are at stake in maintaining the balance of power within, and respect for, the current international system of laws, regulations, and traditions.Russia is demonstrating the effectiveness of using PW strategies to target constitutional democracies. If this trend is not reversed, then it will be repeated in other situations by different actors. America must successfully oppose Russian PW to prevent it from becoming the strategy of choice for emerging regional or global powers opposed to U.S. interests. A broader analysis of Russian PW origins, evolution, and current capacity is needed in order to provide U.S. foreign policy makers and executors with viable options to address it. General policy recommendations for U.S. PW are proposed, as well as specific policy recommendations to enable proactive U.S. PW and counter Russian PW. The policy recommendations are founded on the premise that the United States interagency community is well-structured to embrace PW. The Department of State and its country teams are ideal to take the lead on regional- and country-specific strategies, with all members of the interagency community playing critical roles in advancing a strategy that spans the entire DIME spectrum. USSOF are particularly well-suited for PW and are capable of augmenting interagency efforts across the DIME spectrum.
Author: Kent DeBenedictis Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN: 0755640004 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 281
Book Description
Western academics, politicians, and military leaders alike have labelled Russia's actions in Crimea and its follow-on operations in Eastern Ukraine as a new form of “Hybrid Warfare.” In this book, Kent DeBenedictis argues that, despite these claims, the 2014 Crimean operation is more accurately to be seen as the Russian Federation's modern application of historic Soviet political warfare practices-the overt and covert informational, political, and military tools used to influence the actions of foreign governments and foreign populations. DeBenedictis links the use of Soviet practices, such as the use of propaganda, disinformation, front organizations, and forged political processes, in the Crimea in 2014 to the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (the “Prague Spring”) and the earliest stages of the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Through an in-depth case study analysis of these conflicts, featuring original interviews, government documents and Russian and Ukrainian sources, this book demonstrates that the operation, which inspired discussions about Russian “Hybrid Warfare,” is in fact the modern adaptation of Soviet political warfare tools and not the invention of a new type of warfare.
Author: Zane M. Galvach (Major) Publisher: ISBN: 9781520333915 Category : Cold War Languages : en Pages : 251
Book Description
"Russia's annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 and subsequent activities in Eastern Ukraine are not isolated incidents, but rather a new form of hybrid war, or asymmetric warfare. They are part of a decades-long and continent-spanning Russian political warfare (PW) campaign. Analysis of the origin, history, and evolution of Soviet/Russian PW from 1917 through today reveals that Russia is using PW to assert regional dominance and challenge the unipolarity of the United States and the West. A review of events in Ukraine demonstrates Russia is using its latest evolution of PW doctrine, the Gerasimov Model, to achieve strategic objectives while remaining below the military response threshold of the international community. This paper combines an empirical and case study review of PW, with lessons from the Cold War, to propose a conceptual framework and a supporting model for foreign policy makers, planners, and practitioners to better understand PW. Furthermore, it recommends the United States adopt a proactive PW strategy to support national policy objectives and counter the PW activities of Russia and other rising powers. United States Special Operations Forces are well-suited for PW and will play a pivotal role in a U.S. PW strategy that encompasses all elements of national power and synchronizes the interagency community." -- Back cover
Author: Ofer Fridman Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0190934735 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 251
Book Description
During the last decade, 'Hybrid Warfare' has become a novel yet controversial term in academic, political and professional military lexicons, intended to suggest some sort of mix between different military and non-military means and methods of confrontation. Enthusiastic discussion of the notion has been undermined by conceptual vagueness and political manipulation, particularly since the onset of the Ukrainian Crisis in early 2014, as ideas about Hybrid Warfare engulf Russia and the West, especially in the media. Western defense and political specialists analyzing Russian responses to the crisis have been quick to confirm that Hybrid Warfare is the Kremlin's main strategy in the twenty-first century. But many respected Russian strategists and political observers contend that it is the West that has been waging Hybrid War, Gibridnaya Voyna, since the end of the Cold War. In this highly topical book, Ofer Fridman offers a clear delineation of the conceptual debates about Hybrid Warfare. What leads Russian experts to say that the West is conducting a Gibridnaya Voyna against Russia, and what do they mean by it? Why do Western observers claim that the Kremlin engages in Hybrid Warfare? And, beyond terminology, is this something genuinely new?
Author: U. S. Military Publisher: ISBN: 9781520928234 Category : Hybrid warfare Languages : en Pages : 154
Book Description
With the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, hybrid war became a buzzword within political and academic circles. This study examines hybrid warfare applications using contemporary and historical examples. The analysis seeks to determine why a country was or was not successful in its execution of hybrid war, and it assesses the geopolitical context of cost, benefit, and risk for an aggressor state contributing to its decision to engage in hybrid warfare. The case studies selected include the 1923 German Communist Revolution, Germany's 1938 annexation of Austria, the 2008 Russia-Georgia War, and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. In each case study, a state went on the offensive, deliberately choosing hybrid tactics to obtain an objective. Ultimately, the study objective strives to deepen our understanding of hybrid war, and to extrapolate how one seemingly minor hybrid event can be tied into a broader goal of an aggressor state in its interactions with a defender state. The analysis of the case studies suggests that the length of the conflict, local support, consolidated leadership, and the power balance between the two states involved have contributed to the success of state-sponsored hybrid war.
Author: Mitchell A. Orenstein Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0190936169 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
Russia's stealth invasion of Ukraine and its assault on the US elections in 2016 forced a reluctant West to grapple with the effects of hybrid war. While most citizens in the West are new to the problems of election hacking, state-sponsored disinformation campaigns, influence operations by foreign security services, and frozen conflicts, citizens of the frontline states between Russia and the European Union have been dealing with these issues for years. The Lands in Between: Russia vs. the West and the New Politics of Russia's Hybrid War contends that these "lands in between" hold powerful lessons for Western countries. For Western politics is becoming increasingly similar to the lands in between, where hybrid warfare has polarized parties and voters into two camps: those who support a Western vision of liberal democracy and those who support a Russian vision of nationalist authoritarianism. Paradoxically, while politics increasingly boils down to a zero sum "civilizational choice" between Russia and the West, those who rise to the pinnacle of the political system in the lands in between are often non-ideological power brokers who have found a way to profit from both sides, taking rewards from both Russia and the West. Increasingly, the political pathologies of these small, vulnerable, and backwards states in Europe are our problems too. In this deepening conflict, we are all lands in between.
Author: Mark Galeotti Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 0429812094 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 126
Book Description
This book cuts through the misunderstandings about Russia’s geopolitical challenge to the West, presenting this not as ‘hybrid war’ but ‘political war.’ Russia seeks to antagonise: its diplomats castigate Western ‘Russophobia’ and cultivate populist sentiment abroad, while its media sells Russia as a peaceable neighbour and a bastion of traditional social values. Its spies snoop, and even kill, and its hackers and trolls mount a 24/7 onslaught on Western systems and discourses. This is generally characterised as ‘hybrid war,’ but this is a misunderstanding of Russian strategy. Drawing extensively not just on their writings but also decades of interactions with Russian military, security and government officials, this study demonstrates that the Kremlin has updated traditional forms of non-military ‘political war’ for the modern world. Aware that the West, if united, is vastly richer and stronger, Putin is seeking to divide, and distract, in the hope it will either accept his claim to Russia’s great-power status – or at least be unable to prevent him. In the process, Russia may be foreshadowing how the very nature of war is changing: political war may be the future. This book will be of much interest to students of strategic studies, war studies, Russian politics and security studies.
Author: U. S. Military Publisher: ISBN: 9781520340395 Category : Languages : en Pages : 262
Book Description
This is a comprehensive compilation of breaking government reports and congressional testimony regarding the assessment of the U.S. intelligence community, including the CIA, FBI, and NSA, that Russia and Vladimir Putin engaged in cyber attacks and propaganda to influence the outcome of the 2016 Presidential election between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. The January 2017 report, Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections, states: We assess Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. We have high confidence in these judgments. We also assess Putin and the Russian Government aspired to help President-elect Trump's election chances when possible by discrediting Secretary Clinton and publicly contrasting her unfavorably to him.This compilation also includes an informative study, Russian Political Warfare: Origin, Evolution, and Application - Comprehensive Study of Putin's Hybrid Warfare Campaigns Against United States and the West, Crimean Annexation, Ukraine, Gerasimov Model:Russia's annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 and subsequent activities in Eastern Ukraine are not isolated incidents, but rather a new form of hybrid war, or asymmetric warfare. They are part of a decades-long and continent-spanning Russian political warfare (PW) campaign. Analysis of the origin, history, and evolution of Soviet/Russian PW from 1917 through today reveals that Russia is using PW to assert regional dominance and challenge the unipolarity of the United States and the West. A review of events in Ukraine demonstrates Russia is using its latest evolution of PW doctrine, the Gerasimov Model, to achieve strategic objectives while remaining below the military response threshold of the international community. This paper combines an empirical and case study review of PW, with lessons from the Cold War, to propose a conceptual framework and a supporting model for foreign policy makers, planners, and practitioners to better understand PW. Furthermore, it recommends the United States adopt a proactive PW strategy to support national policy objectives and counter the PW activities of Russia and other rising powers. United States Special Operations Forces are well-suited for PW and will play a pivotal role in a U.S. PW strategy that encompasses all elements of national power and synchronizes the interagency community.Russia's PW affects U.S. national interests in three ways: it threatens the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), it destabilizes the global security status quo, and demonstrates that constitutional democracies are vulnerable to PW strategies. NATO's members are guaranteed collective defense against armed aggression, but NATO members in Eastern Europe fear that Russia's current tactics can undermine their sovereignty and redraw their borders without triggering an armed NATO response. As the quintessential status-quo power, U.S. interests are at stake in maintaining the balance of power within, and respect for, the current international system of laws, regulations, and traditions.Russia is demonstrating the effectiveness of using PW strategies to target constitutional democracies. If this trend is not reversed, then it will be repeated in other situations by different actors. America must successfully oppose Russian PW to prevent it from becoming the strategy of choice for emerging regional or global powers opposed to U.S. interests.
Author: U. S. Military Publisher: ISBN: 9781520907024 Category : Hybrid warfare Languages : en Pages : 62
Book Description
Carl Von Clausewitz defined war as: "an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will". To that end, the Russian government has waged two major military campaigns since 1991: the invasion of the Republic of Georgia (2008) and the annexation of Crimea from the Ukraine (2014). Russia also conducted numerous other military operations, employing unconventional warfare, irregular warfare and hybrid warfare. Russia has advanced the use of hybrid warfare in achieving Russian strategic military objectives, particularly in the near abroad - the former Cold War Soviet states, primarily through conducting offensive military operations in sovereign nations just below the threshold of international military response. Hybrid warfare is not currently defined in US Joint Doctrine, however the United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) describes it as: "combining conventional, irregular, and asymmetric means, to include the persistent manipulation of political and ideological conflict, and (Hybrid warfare) involves a state or state-like actor's use of all available diplomatic, informational, military, and economic means to destabilize an adversary". An analysis of the Russian political environment, economic considerations, and select military operations since 1991, with a sharp focus on Vladimir Putin's strategic leadership, highlights the evolution of the Russian brand of hybrid warfare (HW). The analysis also articulates the current and future implications for the United States and NATO, which struggle to counter regional Russian aggression. Finally, this thesis contends that the US and NATO are unprepared, unwilling, and unable to counter the current threat that Russian hybrid warfare poses, primarily due to a lack of unity of action, common understanding, and a cohesive strategy. CHAPTER 1: Introduction - After the Cold War * Methodology * CHAPTER 2: Conceptualization of Unconventional Warfare * Unconventional * Center of Gravity (COG) * Irregular * Hezbollah 2006 * CHAPTER 3: Russian Politics and Economic Dynamics since 1991 * Political Environment since 1991 * Enter Vladimir Putin * CHAPTER 4: Evolution of Russian Hybrid Warfare * Estonia 2007 * Republic of Georgia 2008 * The Ukraine 2014: The Overt, Covert Campaign * MH17 * CHAPTER 5: Countering the Hybrid Threat * Overview of NATO * US and NATO response in the Ukraine * US Leadership in NATO * CHAPTER 6: Synthesis * Conclusion * Hybrid Solutions
Author: U. S. Military Publisher: ISBN: 9781519098122 Category : Languages : en Pages : 101
Book Description
With the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, hybrid war became a buzzword within political and academic circles. This study examines hybrid warfare applications using contemporary and historical examples. The analysis seeks to determine why a country was or was not successful in its execution of hybrid war, and it assesses the geopolitical context of cost, benefit, and risk for an aggressor state contributing to its decision to engage in hybrid warfare. The case studies selected include the 1923 German Communist Revolution, Germany's 1938 annexation of Austria, the 2008 Russia-Georgia War, and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. In each case study, a state went on the offensive, deliberately choosing hybrid tactics to obtain an objective. Ultimately, the study objective strives to deepen our understanding of hybrid war, and to extrapolate how one seemingly minor hybrid event can be tied into a broader goal of an aggressor state in its interactions with a defender state. The analysis of the case studies suggests that the length of the conflict, local support, consolidated leadership, and the power balance between the two states involved have contributed to the success of state-sponsored hybrid war.CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION * A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION * B. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION * C. LITERATURE REVIEW * D. CRITIQUES OF TERM HYBRID WAR * E. OTHER ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED * F. POTENTIAL EXPLANATIONS AND HYPOTHESES * G. RESEARCH DESIGN * H. STUDY OVERVIEW AND DRAFT CHAPTER OUTLINE * CHAPTER II - THE 1923 COMMUNIST REVOLUTION IN GERMANY * A. GERMAN AND SOVIET POLITICAL BACKGROUND * B. BUILD UP AND EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTION ATTEMPT * C. WHY DID THIS HYBRID CONFLICT FAIL? * D. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT APPLICATION AND EXECUTION OF HYBRID WAR * 1. Military * 2. Propaganda * 3. Local Support * 4. Leadership Consensus * E. BROADER GEO-POLITICAL CONTEXT - WHY CHOOSE HYBRID STRATEGY? * F. HOW IS THIS CASE STUDY RELEVANT TO CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN ACTIONS IN UKRAINE? * G. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER III - THE ANSCHLUSS * A. GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN BACKGROUND * B. 1936 AGREEMENT * C. BERCHTESGADEN CONFERENCE * D. THE SURPRISE PLEBISCITE * E. WHAT MADE THIS HYBRID CONFLICT SUCCESSFUL? * F. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT APPLICATION AND EXECUTION OF HYBRID WAR * 1. Local Support * 2. Propaganda * 3. Economy * 4. Military * 5. Leadership Consensus * G. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS * H. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE * I. BROADER GEO-POLITICAL CONTEXT: WHY CHOOSE HYBRID STRATEGY? * J. HOW IS THIS CASE STUDY RELEVANT TO CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN ACTIONS IN UKRAINE? * K. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER IV - THE 2008 RUSSIA-GEORGIA WAR * A. RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN POLITICAL CONTEXT * B. THE EVENTS BUILDING UP TO AND START OF WAR * C. ASSESSING RUSSIAN SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN GEORGIA * D. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF HYBRID WAR * 1. Diplomatic * 2. Propaganda * 3. Cyber * 4. Leadership * E. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO RUSSIA'S ACTIONS * F. BROADER GEO-POLITICAL CONTEXT: WHY CHOOSE HYBRID STRATEGY * G. CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR RUSSIA AND UKRAINE TODAY * CHAPTER V - THE 2014 RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT * A. RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN POLITICAL BACKGROUND * B. EVENTS LEADING TO ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA AND WAR IN THE DONBAS * C. ASSESSING RUSSIAN SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN UKRAINE * D. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF HYBRID WAR * 1. Diplomatic * 2. International Law Interpretations * 3. Propaganda * 4. Use of Economy * 5. Local Support * E. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO RUSSIA'S ACTIONS * F. BROADER GEO-POLITICAL CONTEXT: WHY CHOOSE HYBRID STRATEGY * G. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER VI - CONCLUSION
Author: U. S. Military
Author: U. S. Military
Author: Kent DeBenedictis
Author: Zane M. Galvach (Major)
Author: Ofer Fridman
Author: U. S. Military
Author: Mitchell A. Orenstein
Author: Mark Galeotti
Author: U. S. Military
Author: U. S. Military
Author: U. S. Military