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Author: Mikael Daniel Gabriel Jorda Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Robots are complex systems, at the intersection of numerous engineering domains. The goal of many researchers is to build a fully capable and safe robot that can work and assist humans in their daily lives. To reach these goals, the complex robotic systems must be separated in different subsystem components such as perception, world understanding, navigation, manipulation, interfaces and interaction. These subsystems need to be safe and robust in order to synergistically work together. In particular, a reliable and general robot manipulation framework for free space and contact tasks is required for robots to become useful in new environments. In this thesis, we aim at developing a theoretical and practical foundation for safe and robust robotic manipulation, involving multiple simultaneous physical interactions with complex and unknown environments. We start with the well known operational space control framework: a task-oriented control methodology that enables task dynamic decoupling and hierarchical control structures. After reviewing the operational space control theory for controlling a robot task and posture, we present a series of practical considerations for its robust implementation on real hardware platforms. The integration in this framework of constraints such as joint limits and obstacles is then discussed, and a method to react safely to unexpected contacts on the robot structure during operations is proposed. These constraints are handled as control objectives in the control hierarchy, using artificial potential fields to generate repulsive forces and dynamically consistent projections to ensure an independent control of the constraints and task objectives. This systematic treatment of constraints at the control level enables a robust, autonomous execution of complex tasks in changing environments. This framework was extended over the years to consider underactuated robots in arbitrary contact situations. This resulted in a comprehensive formulation to the problem of controlling a high-dimensional robotic system involving complex tasks subject to various constraints, obstacles, balance and multiple contacts. Contacts are essential for robot manipulation. On the one hand, parts of the robot tasks involve physical interactions that need to be controlled precisely. On the other hand, further contacts are required on underactuated systems in order to enable the robot motion and guarantee its balance. In addition, contacts between the robot and the environment are subject to geometric and friction constraints that need to be addressed by the control framework. Therefore, in this thesis, the operational space whole-body control framework is completed to enable a systematic treatment of multi-contact scenarios. A virtual linkage model separates the contact forces into three sets. The resultant forces allow the robot to compensate for its underactuation. The task contact forces are controlled to their desired values. The internal forces provide a way to satisfy geometric and friction constraints. A method using barrier functions is proposed to specify a set of internal forces that ensure the robot's balance and contact stability. Even when the desired contact forces are correctly specified, their control remains a challenge. Indeed, the fast and discontinuous closed loop dynamics of stiff physical interactions leads to instabilities in robot force control. Therefore, we adapt a time domain passivity approach to guarantee the stability of explicit force controllers. This results in an increased robustness and safety for robotic systems in multiple contact scenarios. To develop effective interfaces for human-robot collaboration, we also study haptic robot teleoperation. Haptic devices provide an intuitive interface to remotely control robots and combine the high-level cognitive autonomy of humans with the autonomous manipulation capabilities of robots. The goal of haptic robot control is to maximize the transparency between the human operator and the robot environment. It means that the robot environment should be felt by the human as if they were directly interacting with it, and the human commands should be executed precisely by the robot. Transparency is very challenging to achieve when communication delays are present in the system, which occurs systematically when there is a significant physical distance between the controlled robot and its human operator. To address this challenge, we propose a new paradigm for performing haptic-robot control. Instead of relying on a global feedback loop, the new method establishes two autonomous controllers acting on the robot and the haptic device, interfaced via a dual-proxy model. The dual-proxy is a bridge between the local controllers. It generates appropriate motion and force inputs that are consistent with the task physical interactions. The model relies on the exchange of position, contact, and environment geometry information, avoiding the limitations caused by a direct force feedback between robot and haptic device in conventional teleoperation. To estimate the environment contact geometry in real-time, we also design a new perception algorithm that enables a fully autonomous implementation of the dual-proxy model. The performance of all the control methods presented in this thesis are evaluated via simulations and hardware experimental validation. Combining these methods together results in a robust, safe and generic manipulation control framework for complex robots in interaction with uncertain environments. Such framework is one of the key components for a complete and fully capable robotic system.
Author: Mikael Daniel Gabriel Jorda Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Robots are complex systems, at the intersection of numerous engineering domains. The goal of many researchers is to build a fully capable and safe robot that can work and assist humans in their daily lives. To reach these goals, the complex robotic systems must be separated in different subsystem components such as perception, world understanding, navigation, manipulation, interfaces and interaction. These subsystems need to be safe and robust in order to synergistically work together. In particular, a reliable and general robot manipulation framework for free space and contact tasks is required for robots to become useful in new environments. In this thesis, we aim at developing a theoretical and practical foundation for safe and robust robotic manipulation, involving multiple simultaneous physical interactions with complex and unknown environments. We start with the well known operational space control framework: a task-oriented control methodology that enables task dynamic decoupling and hierarchical control structures. After reviewing the operational space control theory for controlling a robot task and posture, we present a series of practical considerations for its robust implementation on real hardware platforms. The integration in this framework of constraints such as joint limits and obstacles is then discussed, and a method to react safely to unexpected contacts on the robot structure during operations is proposed. These constraints are handled as control objectives in the control hierarchy, using artificial potential fields to generate repulsive forces and dynamically consistent projections to ensure an independent control of the constraints and task objectives. This systematic treatment of constraints at the control level enables a robust, autonomous execution of complex tasks in changing environments. This framework was extended over the years to consider underactuated robots in arbitrary contact situations. This resulted in a comprehensive formulation to the problem of controlling a high-dimensional robotic system involving complex tasks subject to various constraints, obstacles, balance and multiple contacts. Contacts are essential for robot manipulation. On the one hand, parts of the robot tasks involve physical interactions that need to be controlled precisely. On the other hand, further contacts are required on underactuated systems in order to enable the robot motion and guarantee its balance. In addition, contacts between the robot and the environment are subject to geometric and friction constraints that need to be addressed by the control framework. Therefore, in this thesis, the operational space whole-body control framework is completed to enable a systematic treatment of multi-contact scenarios. A virtual linkage model separates the contact forces into three sets. The resultant forces allow the robot to compensate for its underactuation. The task contact forces are controlled to their desired values. The internal forces provide a way to satisfy geometric and friction constraints. A method using barrier functions is proposed to specify a set of internal forces that ensure the robot's balance and contact stability. Even when the desired contact forces are correctly specified, their control remains a challenge. Indeed, the fast and discontinuous closed loop dynamics of stiff physical interactions leads to instabilities in robot force control. Therefore, we adapt a time domain passivity approach to guarantee the stability of explicit force controllers. This results in an increased robustness and safety for robotic systems in multiple contact scenarios. To develop effective interfaces for human-robot collaboration, we also study haptic robot teleoperation. Haptic devices provide an intuitive interface to remotely control robots and combine the high-level cognitive autonomy of humans with the autonomous manipulation capabilities of robots. The goal of haptic robot control is to maximize the transparency between the human operator and the robot environment. It means that the robot environment should be felt by the human as if they were directly interacting with it, and the human commands should be executed precisely by the robot. Transparency is very challenging to achieve when communication delays are present in the system, which occurs systematically when there is a significant physical distance between the controlled robot and its human operator. To address this challenge, we propose a new paradigm for performing haptic-robot control. Instead of relying on a global feedback loop, the new method establishes two autonomous controllers acting on the robot and the haptic device, interfaced via a dual-proxy model. The dual-proxy is a bridge between the local controllers. It generates appropriate motion and force inputs that are consistent with the task physical interactions. The model relies on the exchange of position, contact, and environment geometry information, avoiding the limitations caused by a direct force feedback between robot and haptic device in conventional teleoperation. To estimate the environment contact geometry in real-time, we also design a new perception algorithm that enables a fully autonomous implementation of the dual-proxy model. The performance of all the control methods presented in this thesis are evaluated via simulations and hardware experimental validation. Combining these methods together results in a robust, safe and generic manipulation control framework for complex robots in interaction with uncertain environments. Such framework is one of the key components for a complete and fully capable robotic system.
Author: Mario Prats Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3642332412 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 187
Book Description
Robot manipulation is a great challenge; it encompasses versatility -adaptation to different situations-, autonomy -independent robot operation-, and dependability -for success under modeling or sensing errors. A complete manipulation task involves, first, a suitable grasp or contact configuration, and the subsequent motion required by the task. This monograph presents a unified framework by introducing task-related aspects into the knowledge-based grasp concept, leading to task-oriented grasps. Similarly, grasp-related issues are also considered during the execution of a task, leading to grasp-oriented tasks which is called framework for physical interaction (FPI). The book presents the theoretical framework for the versatile specification of physical interaction tasks, as well as the problem of autonomous planning of these tasks. A further focus is on sensor-based dependable execution combining three different types of sensors: force, vision and tactile. The FPI approach allows to perform a wide range of robot manipulation tasks. All contributions are validated with several experiments using different real robots placed on household environments; for instance, a high-DoF humanoid robot can successfully operate unmodeled mechanisms with widely varying structure in a general way with natural motions. This research was recipient of the European Georges Giralt Award and the Robotdalen Scientific Award Honorary Mention.
Author: Miomir Vukobratovic Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 9814469882 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 657
Book Description
This book covers the most attractive problem in robot control, dealing with the direct interaction between a robot and a dynamic environment, including the human-robot physical interaction. It provides comprehensive theoretical and experimental coverage of interaction control problems, starting from the mathematical modeling of robots interacting with complex dynamic environments, and proceeding to various concepts for interaction control design and implementation algorithms at different control layers. Focusing on the learning principle, it also shows the application of new and advanced learning algorithms for robotic contact tasks.The ultimate aim is to strike a good balance between the necessary theoretical framework and practical aspects of interactive robots.
Author: Shameek Prodosh Ganguly Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Advanced robotic manipulation holds the key to extending human reach to new frontiers, and improving the quality of human life. Modern techniques of programming robotic manipulation strategies leverage force feedback, task-oriented control and expert task demonstration through visual-haptic interfaces. Developing robust manipulation strategies requires accurate and efficient models for simultaneous contacts between robots and other parts of their workspace. Such contact models are commonly embedded into compliant manipulation strategies, and into the simulation tools used to design them. One of the key challenges in modeling simultaneous multi-contact interactions between articulated bodies lies in compactly describing the dynamics of the system with the contact constraints. The classical approach of resolving multi-contact interactions for articulated bodies is to solve a collection of unilateral contact constraints and bilateral joint constraints on free rigid bodies. However, this approach is computationally inefficient, and produces inaccurate robot motion, that needs ad-hoc post-correction. Moreover, smooth body geometry is typically discretized into polygon soups, resulting in a redundant description of contact constraints, particularly when contact occurs across a line, curve, or a surface patch, such as a coffee mug placed flat against a table. Discretizing the smooth geometric surfaces of contact into a set of contact points not only results in nonphysical jittery motion and poor simulator performance, but also results in an incorrect estimate of the contact force exerted by the robot on its environment, an essential sensory estimate for simulation of compliant manipulation strategies. There are two main goals that I set out to achieve in this work: (i) improve the computational speed of multi-contact resolution for articulated body systems without compromising physical correctness, and (ii) develop a theoretical understanding of the contact-constrained dynamics of such systems, that generalizes to non-polyhedral body geometry. To regulate the complexity of achieving the above goals, an overarching assumption in this work is that the system is composed of rigid articulated bodies, where rigidity is defined to imply that neither deformation nor interpenetration is admissible between the bodies in contact. The first contribution of this thesis towards the above goals is to develop and experimentally validate a new approach for multi-contact modeling in robotic systems. This Contact Space Resolution Model (CSR model) model addresses the problem of simultaneously enforcing multiple joint and contact constraints in articulated rigid body (ARB) systems. Building on the theory of operational space manipulator dynamics and control, it is shown that through the proper choice of a set of contact-space coordinates, the instantaneous dynamics of the ARB system can be partitioned into two dynamically-consistent complementary sub-spaces - the contact space and the null space. The projected dynamics in the contact space is governed by the effective mass and effective rotational inertia of the two bodies at the contact points, whereas the projected dynamics in the null-space is undisturbed by the contact forces. This latter property is a generalization of the principle of momentum conservation to ARB systems. A series of single- and two-point collision experiments conducted on free-hanging multi-link pendulums demonstrate that the CSR Model accurately predicts the post-collision system state. Moreover, for the first time, it is shown experimentally that the projection of system dynamics into the mutually complementary contact space and null space is a physically verifiable phenomenon. To address the problem of constraint over-redundancy introduced by the assumption that contact occurs across a finite set of points, a new Shared Contact Frame (SC-Frame) theory is developed. The SC-Frame theory extends the CSR model by a choice of contact-space coordinates that corresponds to the infinitesimal relative motion between two links in contact at a chosen frame. For a particular choice of frame, the possible obstructive contact forces (or wrenches in general) lie within a convex cone, which is normal to the contact-space acceleration. Frictional force and moment act in a symmetric, convex subset of the wrench space, as per Coulomb's dry friction model. An efficient SC-Frame Planar-Contact algorithm is developed for the particular case where the contact configuration between any two links is a set of co-planar contact patches. In this algorithm, the location of the SC-Frame is resolved simultaneously with the contact wrench, under the assumption that the frame lies at the center of pressure of the contact pressure distribution. As a result, the geometric location of the resolved frame origin is physically significant, and naturally captures impending transitions in the contact state between the bodies. Simulation results are presented with bodies modeled geometrically as unions of convex primitives. It is demonstrated that the method results in smooth motion, qualitatively correct contact state transitions, reliable contact force estimates and a significant improvement in computational speed over conventional multi-point contact solvers. Through the course of this research endeavour, I also worked on several other applied robotics projects ranging from the development of the underwater humanoid robot, Ocean One, to the conceptual prototyping of an underground drilling robot for gold mining. Due to their tangential nature to the subject at hand, these projects are not discussed in this thesis, but may be found in additional publications.
Author: Oscar Altuzarra Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3031081404 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 494
Book Description
This book reports on the latest scientific achievements on robot kinematics provided by the prominent researchers participating in the 18th International Symposium on Advances in Robot Kinematics ARK2022, organized in the University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain. It is of interest to researchers wanting to know more about the latest topics and methods in the fields of the kinematics, control and design of robotic systems. The book brings together 53 peer-reviewed papers. These cover the full range of robotic systems, including serial, parallel, flexible mechanisms, and cable-driven manipulators, and tackle problems such as: kinematic analysis of robots, robot modelling and simulation, theories and methods in kinematics, singularity analysis, kinematic problems in parallel robots, redundant robots, cable robots, kinematics in biological systems, flexible parallel manipulators, humanoid robots and humanoid subsystems.
Author: Shiping Liu Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119422485 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 266
Book Description
A comprehensive guide to the friction, contact and impact on robot control and force feedback mechanism Dynamics and Control of Robotic Manipulators with Contact and Friction offers an authoritative guide to the basic principles of robot dynamics and control with a focus on contact and friction. The authors discuss problems in interaction between human and real or virtual robot where dynamics with friction and contact are relevant. The book fills a void in the literature with a need for a text that considers the contact and friction generated in robot joints during their movements. Designed as a practical resource, the text provides the information needed for task planning in view of contact, impact and friction for the designer of a robot control system for high accuracy and long durability. The authors include a review of the most up-to-date advancements in robot dynamics and control. It contains a comprehensive resource to the effective design and fabrication of robot systems and components for engineering and scientific purposes. This important guide: Offers a comprehensive reference with systematic treatment and a unified framework Includes simulation and experiments used in dynamics and control of robot considering contact, impact and friction Discusses the most current tribology methodology used to treat the multiple–scale effects Contains valuable descriptions of experiments and software used Presents illustrative accounts on the methods employed to handle friction in the closed loop, including the principles, implementation, application scope, merits and demerits Offers a cohesive treatment that covers tribology and multi-scales, multi-physics and nonlinear stochastic dynamics control Written for graduate students of robotics, mechatronics, mechanical engineering, tracking control and practicing professionals and industrial researchers, Dynamics and Control of Robotic Manipulators with Contact and Friction offers a review to effective design and fabrication of stable and durable robot system and components.
Author: Bernd Henze Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030872122 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 209
Book Description
This book aims at providing algorithms for balance control of legged, torque-controlled humanoid robots. A humanoid robot normally uses the feet for locomotion. This paradigm is extended by addressing the challenge of multi-contact balancing, which allows a humanoid robot to exploit an arbitrary number of contacts for support. Using multiple contacts increases the size of the support polygon, which in turn leads to an increased robustness of the stance and to an increased kinematic workspace of the robot. Both are important features for facilitating a transition of humanoid robots from research laboratories to real-world applications, where they are confronted with multiple challenging scenarios, such as climbing stairs and ladders, traversing debris, handling heavy loads, or working in confined spaces. The distribution of forces and torques among the multiple contacts is a challenging aspect of the problem, which arises from the closed kinematic chain given by the robot and its environment.
Author: Paolo Barattini Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351819631 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 208
Book Description
Human-Robot Interaction: Safety, Standardization, and Benchmarking provides a comprehensive introduction to the new scenarios emerging where humans and robots interact in various environments and applications on a daily basis. The focus is on the current status and foreseeable implications of robot safety, approaching these issues from the standardization and benchmarking perspectives. Featuring contributions from leading experts, the book presents state-of-the-art research, and includes real-world applications and use cases. It explores the key leading sectors—robotics, service robotics, and medical robotics—and elaborates on the safety approaches that are being developed for effective human-robot interaction, including physical robot-human contacts, collaboration in task execution, workspace sharing, human-aware motion planning, and exploring the landscape of relevant standards and guidelines. Features Presenting a comprehensive introduction to human-robot interaction in a number of domains, including industrial robotics, medical robotics, and service robotics Focusing on robot safety standards and benchmarking Providing insight into current developments in international standards Featuring contributions from leading experts, actively pursuing new robot development
Author: Changliu Liu Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9780367776572 Category : Human-robot interaction Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
In this book, the authors provide a unified analytical framework for various human-robot systems, which involves peer to peer interactions or hierarchical interactions. The following topics are discussed: real-time motion planning, robot skill learning, mechanism design for conflict resolution, closed-loop analysis and safety verification.
Author: Mikael Daniel Gabriel Jorda
Author: Mikael Daniel Gabriel Jorda
Author: Mario Prats
Author: Miomir Vukobratovic
Author: Shameek Prodosh Ganguly
Author: Oscar Altuzarra
Author: Shiping Liu
Author: Wisdom Chukwunwike Agboh
Author: Bernd Henze
Author: Paolo Barattini
Author: Changliu Liu