R.K. Jain's GST Tariff of India with GST Rates/Exemptions of Goods & Services [2024-25] – Including Ready Reckoner for GST Rates, GST Notifications, Advanced Rulings, Case Law | 2 Vols. PDF Download

Author: R.K. Jain
Publisher: CENTAX Law Publications Pvt. Ltd.
ISBN: 9391055672
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 20

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Book Description
This book provides complete details about the Taxability & GST Rates for Goods & Services. It also includes a ready reckoner for GST rates, GST Notifications, Advanced Rulings & Case Laws. Lastly, it incorporates basic details, such as: • How to use GST Tariff? • How to Calculate Tax under GST o Introduction to GST Tariff o Classification of Goods & Services under GST o Interpretative Rules, as applicable to GST Tariff o List of Abbreviations Used in the Tariff The Present Publication is the 19th Edition, authored by R.K. Jain and edited by CA. (Dr) Arpit Haldia. It is updated until 22nd February 2024. This book consists of nine parts. • Part 1 – GST Tariff | Goods (GST Rates up to 8 Digits of HSN/Customs Tariff & Exemptions under CGST, SGST, UTGST & IGST) o Rates Specified in Other Acts • Part 2 – Notifications | GST Rates & Exemption for Goods o CGST Rates for Goods – Schedules I to VII – Notification No. 1/2017-C.T. (Rate) o Fully Exempted CGST Goods (Nil Rated) – Notification No. 2/2017-C.T. (Rate) o Exemption Notifications (Miscellaneous) for Goods & Services • Part 3 – GST Tariff | Services (Chapter 99) | Ready Reckoner for GST Rates & Exemptions for Services o Ready Reckoner for GST Rates and Exemptions on Services under CGST, SGST, UTGST & IGST – Chapter 99 with Service Codes o Notifications on Services under GST § CGST Notifications on Services § IGST Notifications on Services § UTGST and SGST Notifications on Services o Explanatory Notes to Scheme of Classification of Services under GST o Circulars, Instructions, Press Notes, Case Law, Advance Rulings and FAQ on supply of Services § FAQs on Services § Circulars, Instructions, Press Notes & Case Law on Services § Case Laws o Codewise List of Services [Service Codes (Tariff) (SAC) & Scheme of Classification of Services] o Alphabetical List of Services with Service Codes (SAC) • Part 4 – Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) o Bird’s eye view of Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) o Notifications issued under IGST § IGST Law and Procedures – Notifications § IGST Rates – Notifications § Fully Exempted IGST Goods (Nil Rated) – Notifications § IGST Exemption Notifications • Part 5 – GST Rates | Ready Reckoner for Goods (Ready Reckoner for GST Rates for Goods under CGST, SGST, UTGST & IGST) • Part 6 – Compensation Cess for States & Other Cesses for Goods & Services o Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, 2017 (Extracts) o Notifications issued under GST Compensation Cess o Departmental Clarifications under Compensation Cess • Part 7 – Reverse Charge Mechanism for Goods & Services o Reverse Charge Mechanism for CGST – Notifications o Reverse Charge Mechanism for IGST – Notifications o Reverse Charge Mechanism for UTGST – Notifications o Reverse Charge Mechanism for SGST – Notifications o Departmental Clarifications • Part 8 – Commodity Index with HSN Codes • Part 9 – Chronological List of Basic Notifications The coverage of the book is as follows: • CGST, IGST, SGST, UTGST Rates upto 8 digit HSN • GST Rates for Services • Compensation Cess • GST Calculation Method • Text of GST Notifications • Advance Rulings & Case Laws • Departmental Clarifications • Reverse Charge Notification • Commodity Index with Codes • Ready Reckoner for GST Rates

Author: R.K. Jain
Publisher: Taxmann Publications Private Limited
ISBN: 939105577X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 21

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Book Description
This book is an essential reference guide for those dealing with customs, GST, and EXIM regulations. It benefits customs officials, GST practitioners, importers and exporters, tax professionals, legal advisors, policymakers, and researchers. Each chapter is structured to ensure that all necessary details are easily accessible to arrive at the—'total duty payable on import of goods' into India. Each HSN entry features up to 13 columns detailing the following: • Basic rate of customs duty • Preferential rate of customs duty • The effective rate of customs duty • Agriculture Infrastructure and Development Cess (AIDC) • Social Welfare Surcharge (SWS) • National Calamity Contingent Duty (NCCD) • Health Cess • Integrated GST Rate (IGST) • Total rate • Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) for import • Conditions in FTP for import The Present Publication is the 2024-25 Edition, amended by the Finance (No. 2) Bill 2024 and updated till 23rd July 2024. It is edited by CA. Kishore Harjani and incorporates the following noteworthy features: • [HSN-wise Computation] – Detailed computation of total customs duty aligned with each HSN, including descriptions and units. Exemptions, additional duties, and FTP conditions are mapped to each HSN for comprehensive information on a single page. • [Final Rate Calculation] – The 'Total Customs Duty' column provides the final rate, streamlining the evaluation of multiple exemptions or additional duty notifications. Where the final rate cannot be computed due to specific exemptions or duties, relevant details are included in the footnotes • [Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties] – Includes chapter-wise references to anti-dumping, safeguard, and countervailing duties for better understanding of trade protection measures • [Exemption Notifications] – Lists general and chapter-specific exemption notifications at the end of each chapter for thorough coverage • [Ad Valorem Rates] – Presents ad valorem rates in percentage terms for straightforward calculation of customs duties • [Multiple Rates] – Provides dual rates of 'Total Customs Duty' and 'IGST Rate' for products within each HSN that may be subject to two or more IGST rates, ensuring accurate duty assessment • [Comprehensive Circulars/Notifications] – Exhaustive coverage of chapter-specific circulars, notifications, and advance ruling orders for customs and GST • [Landmark Rulings] – Includes a chapter-specific digest of case laws on Customs and GST for quick access to judicial precedents on classification issues • [Base Notifications Reference] – Offers chapter-specific references to all base notifications related to customs and GST • [E-Way Bill Exemptions] – Highlights chapter-wise exemptions from e-way bill at the end of each chapter • [One-Stop Reference] – Consolidated resource for customs, GST, and policy conditions governing the import and export of goods • [No Alteration in HSN] – Mapping of exemptions, GST rates, and cess is done with customs tariffs seamlessly, without altering the HSN description • [Expert Validation] – A panel of subject matter experts has vetted the computation and mapping of notifications with the HSN The structure of the book is as follows: • Beginning of the Section/Chapter o Section and Chapter Notes o General and specific exemption notifications relevant to the Chapter • Tariff Table – The tariff table contains tariff classification-wise mapping of: o Basic duty rate o Preferential rate, wherever applicable o Effective duty rate (post-factoring general and specific exemptions) o Additional levies (e.g., AIDC, Health Cess, etc.) o SWS o IGST Rates o Total duty o Policy Restrictions • Exemptions under Customs and GST o Beginning of the Chapter – General and specific exemptions applicable to the chapter are mentioned at the beginning of each chapter o Product-wise and HSN-wise – Specific exemptions applicable to the products within the chapter are captured at the HSN level o Footnotes – Exemptions that are chapter-wise or at the two to six-digit HSN level are mentioned via footnotes • Footnotes o Duty rates or exemptions that are chapter-wise or at the two to six-digit HSN level are mentioned via footnotes • End of Chapter o Anti-dumping and Safeguard Duty rates relevant to the Chapter o Customs exemptions relevant to the Chapter o Judicial Pronouncements, Advance Rulings, and Departmental Clarifications relevant to the Chapter o Product-Specific E-Way Bill Exemptions relevant to the Chapter o Other GST Rates relevant to the Chapter The Tariff is divided into nine parts, comprising two volumes: • Volume 1 o Part 1 – Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (Text) o Part 2 – Import Tariff - First Schedule (98 Chapters in 21 sections), o Part 2A – Export Tariff – Second Schedule • Volume 2 o Part 3 – Customs Exemptions o Part 4 – IGST – Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Extracts, Rules, Rates & Exemptions, notifications, and Introduction) o Part 5 – Annexures (Compensation Cess, Road and Infrastructure Cess, Social Welfare Surcharge, NCCD, Health and Other Cess, Additional Duty, Special Duty & Baggage Rules) o Part 6 – Rules for Safeguard Duty and Notifications Imposing Safeguard Duty o Part 7 – Rules for Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties and Notifications imposing Anti-Dumping Duty and Countervailing Duty o Part 8 – Commodity Index and Chronological List of Basic Notifications The book includes detailed sections such as: • Customs Tariff (Determination of Origin of Other Preferential Areas) Rules, 1977 and relevant notifications • Rules of Determination of Origin of Goods under various trade agreements (Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement, SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement, India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement, etc.) • Customs Tariff Rules under bilateral agreements (with countries like Afghanistan, Thailand, Singapore, Chile, MERCOSUR, Korea, ASEAN, Malaysia, Japan, Mauritius, UAE, and Australia) • Validating Provisions & Notifications related to Customs Tariff • Safeguard Duty Rules and Notifications • Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Rules and Notifications • Miscellaneous sections, including Commodity Index and Chronological List of Basic Notifications

Author: R.K. Jain
Publisher: CENTAX Law Publications Pvt. Ltd.
ISBN: 9391055974
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 23

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Book Description
This book covers the following: • Customs Tariff Act • Import Tariff • Export Tariff • Integrated Goods & Services Tax (IGST) • Annexures • Safeguard Duty • Anti-dumping Duty & Countervailing Duty • Miscellaneous It also incorporates basic details such as: • How to use this Tariff? • How to calculate the effective rate of import duty? The Present Publication is the 79th Edition | 2024-25, amended by the Finance Bill 2024 and updated till 1st February 2024. It is divided into eight parts: • Part 1 – Customs Tariff Act, 1975 o Contains revised and up-to-date annotated text of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 • Part 2 – Import Tariff o Rules for the Interpretation of Import Tariff o General Exemptions for Import o Chapters 1 to 98 of Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (First Schedule) • Part 3 – Export Tariff o Export Tariff o Second Schedule – Export Tariff o Exemption Notifications • Part 4 – Integrated Goods & Services Tax (IGST) o Bird's eye view of IGST o IGST Notifications Relating to Law & Procedures o IGST Rates – Notification o Fully Exempted IGST Goods (Nil Rated) – Notification o IGST Exemption Notifications • Part 5 – Annexures o Cesses, Additional Duties, Other Levies, etc. o Determination of Origin of Goods Rules o Validating Provisions & Notifications • Part 6 – Safeguard Duty o Rules and Notifications • Part 7 – Anti-dumping Duty and Countervailing Duty o Rules for Anti-Dumping Duty & Countervailing Duty o Notifications Imposing Anti-Dumping Duty o Notifications Imposing CVD • Part 8 – Miscellaneous o Commodity Index o Chronological List of Basic Notifications

Author: Taxmann
Publisher: Taxmann Publications Private Limited
ISBN: 9364554019
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 22

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Book Description
This book is a comprehensive and authoritative resource on GST Tariffs, covering both Goods with Harmonized System of Nomenclature (HSN) Codes and Services with Service Accounting Codes (SAC), along with detailed Explanatory Notes on the Scheme of Classification of Services. It is divided into seven organised divisions and provides an exhaustive understanding of GST tariffs, rate structures, and related statutory provisions. This book is helpful for professionals, legal practitioners, academicians, and businesses. The Present Publication is the 21st Edition | August 2024 and updated till 23rd July 2024. This book is edited by Taxmann's Editorial Board, with the following noteworthy features: • [Systematic Classification] The book provides a well-organised classification system for goods using HSN codes and services with SAC, which is fundamental for accurately determining the correct GST rates • [Accurate GST Rate Determination] It includes exhaustive lists and schedules detailing the GST rates applicable to a vast array of goods and services, ensuring that users can accurately determine the applicable GST rates • [Comprehensive Coverage] Beyond listing GST rates, the book discusses the related statutory provisions, rules for interpretation, and notifications. This comprehensive approach ensures that users have all the necessary information at their fingertips to understand and apply GST laws correctly • [Guidance on Compliance and Legal Interpretation] The book provides essential guidance through its explanatory notes, rules of interpretation, and references to the latest clarifications and case laws • [Taxmann's Series Bestseller Books] As part of Taxmann's popular series on GST Tariff, the book is widely recognised for its reliability and relevance • [Six-Sigma Approach] The content follows the Six-Sigma Approach, aiming to achieve the benchmark of 'zero error,' ensuring high accuracy and dependability The detailed coverage of the book is as follows: • GST Tariff for Goods with HSN Code o Arrangement of Chapters o GST Tariff for Goods with HSN Code § This section provides an extensive list of goods categorised under their respective Harmonized System of Nomenclature (HSN) codes, covering 1,400+ pages. Each entry is precisely detailed, enabling accurate determination of GST rates for a wide range of goods o General Rules for the Interpretation of this Schedule § It includes the General Rules for Interpreting the GST Schedule, which are important for correctly applying tariffs. These rules provide a structured approach to interpreting the classification of goods • Rates Specified in Other Acts o Rates specified in the Central Excise Act o National Calamity Contingent Duty o Additional Duty on Tobacco o Additional Duty on Motor Spirit (Petrol) o Additional Duty on High-Speed Diesel Oil o Special Additional Excise Duty on Motor Spirit and High-Speed Diesel Oil o Road & Infrastructure Cess o Agriculture Infrastructure and Development Cess o Rule 18 of Central Excise Rules, 2017 • Commodity Index o A quick reference guide that enhances the usability of the entire tariff structure • GST Tariff for Services o Arrangement of Services o Central Goods & Services Tax (CGST)/State Goods & Service Tax (SGST) Tariff for Services o Integrated Goods & Services Tax (IGST) Tariff for Services o Compensation Cess o Rate of Tax and Exemption Notifications for Services o Reverse Charge in case of intra-State supplies of services o Reverse Charge in case of inter-State supplies of services o Notified categories of services the tax on intra-State/inter-State supplies, which shall be paid by electronic commerce operator o No refund of unutilised Input Tax Credit o Notified registered persons who shall pay tax on a reverse charge basis on certain specified supplies of goods or services or both received from an unregistered supplier o Notified rate of tax to be levied on specified first intra-State supplies of goods or services o Latest Clarifications o Latest Case Laws o Explanatory Notes • Services Index • GST Tariff Notifications (Rate of Tax and Exemptions) • GST Rate Reckoner for Goods

Author: R.K. Jain
Publisher: Taxmann Publications Private Limited
ISBN: 9391055176
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 21

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Book Description
This book provides complete details about the Taxability & GST Rates with amended tariff schedules as applicable from 1-1-2022. It also includes a Ready Reckoner for GST Rates, GST Notifications, Advanced Rulings & Case Laws. Lastly, it incorporates basic details, such as: • How to use GST Tariff? • How to Calculate Tax under GST • Introduction to GST Tariff • Classification of Goods & Services under GST • List of Nil Rated/Exemption/Non-Taxable Goods under CGST, IGST, SGST & UTGST • List of Nil Rated/Exemption/Non-Taxable Services under CGST, IGST, SGST & UTGST • Exemption to Small Taxpayers with annual turnover up to INR 40 Lakh/20 Lakh/10 Lakh (Threshold Exemption) • Composition Scheme for payment of 1% or 5% GST on Annual Turnover of Goods and Restaurant Service up to INR One and a half crore/75 lakh in a Financial Year • New Composition Scheme w.e.f. 1-4-2019 for intra-State supplies of services or goods or both on payment of 6% GST (3% CGST + 3% SGST) on Annual Turnover up to INR 50 lakh in a Financial Year for taxpayers not covered under the existing composition scheme for goods and Restaurant services • Statutory Provisions for GST levy, Rate of Tax, Exemptions —CGST Act, 2017 (Extracts) • Interpretative Rules, as applicable to GST Tariff • List of Abbreviations used in the Tariff The Present Publication is the 15th Edition, authored by R.K. Jain, as amended on 1st February 2022. This book consists of 9 parts. • Part 1 – GST Tariff | Goods (GST Rates up to 8 Digits of HSN/Customs Tariff & Exemptions under CGST, SGST, UTGST & IGST) o Rates Specified in Other Acts • Part 2 – Notifications | GST Rates & Exemption for Goods • Part 3 – GST Tariff | Services (Chapter 99) • Part 4 – Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) o Notifications issued under IGST • Part 5 – GST Rates | Ready Reckoner for Goods (Ready Reckoner for GST Rates for Goods under CGST, SGST, UTGST & IGST) • Part 6 – Compensation Cess for States & Other Cesses for Goods & Services • Part 7 – Reverse Charge Mechanism for Goods & Services • Part 8 – Commodity Index with HSN Codes • Part 9 – Chronological List of Basic Notifications The coverage of the book is as follows: • Eight digits HSN wise CGST/SGST/UTGST/IGST rates applicable on supply of goods and services • Compensation Cess • Goods and services which are exempt from GST • Goods and services which are subject to Reverse Charge liability • All relevant Advance Rulings, Case Laws & department clarifications on the classification of goods and services and rates of GST • Updated text of relevant GST Notifications • Composition Scheme • Alphabetical list of services • Commodity index with codes • Explanatory Notes to Scheme of Classification of Services under GST • Relevant provisions of GST legislation relating to levy, exemption, rate of tax etc.

Author: Dr. R.K. Jain,
Publisher: SBPD Publications
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 725

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Book Description
Main Highlights of Finance Act, 2021 1.Income Tax- An Introduction, 2. Improtant Definition, 3. Assessment on Agricultural Income, 4. Expemted Incomes, 5. Residence and Tax Liability, 6. Income From Salaries, 7. Income From Salaries (Retirement and Retrenchment), 8. Income From House Property, 9. Depreciation, 10. Profits and Gains of Business or profession, 11. Capital Gains, 12. Income From Other Sources, 13. Income Tax Authorities, 14. Clubbing of Income and Aggregation of Income, 15. Set-Off And Carry Forward of Losses, 16. Deductions From Gross Total Income, 17. Assessment of Individuals (Computation of Total Income), 18. Computation of Tax Liability of Individuals, 19. Deduction of Tax at Source, 20. Procedure of Assessment, 21. Penalties, Offences and Prosecution, 22. Appeal and Revision, 23. Tax - Planning, 24. Recovery and Refund of Tax, 25. Advance Payment of Tax, 26. Assessment of Hindu Undivided Family And Computation of tax Liability, 27. Assessment of Firm and Association of Persons and Computation of Tax Liability Capital and Revenue Expenditure and Receipts Rebate and Relief in Tax Provision and Procedure of Filings the Return of Income and e-Filing of Income Tax and TDS Returns. .

Author: Dr. R. K. Jain
Publisher: RAJEEV BANSAL
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 234

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Book Description
1..Important Definitions 2. Assessment on Agricultural Income, 3. Exempted Incomes, 4.Residence and Tax Liability 5. Income from Salaries 6. Income from Salaries (Retirement and Retrenchment) 7. Income from House Property 8. Depreciation 9. Profits and Gains of Business or Profession 10. Capital Gains 11. Income from Other Sources 12. Set-off and Carry Forward of Losses 13. Deductions from Gross Total Income 14. Assessment of Individuals 15. Computation of Tax Liability of Individuals, .16. Deduction of Tax at Source 18. Advance Payment of Tax , 19. Assessment of Hindu Undivided Family and Computations of tax liability, 20. Assessment of Firm and Association of Persons and Computation of Tax Liability, 21.Assessment of campanies, 22.Assessment of Co-Opreative Socirties, 23. Tax Planning for New Business, Capital and Revenue Expenditure Receipts Rebate and Relief in Tax

Author: R.K. Jain
Publisher: Taxmann Publications Private Limited
ISBN: 9391055192
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 16

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Book Description
This book provides the complete, updated, amended & annotated text of all provisions of the GST Law. This book has been divided into eleven parts: • Part 1 – Ready Reckoner of GST Laws & Procedures & 1,000 Tips on GST • Part 2 – GST Acts • Part 3 – GST Rules • Part 4 – Reverse Charge Mechanism • Part 5 – Forms & Proformas • Part 6 – State GST & Compensation Cess • Part 7 – Circulars, Press Releases & Public Notices • Part 8 – Advance Ruling on GST • Part 9 – Notifications • Part 10 – Appeals & Revisions • Part 11 – Index to Notifications The Present Publication is the 15th Edition, authored by R.K. Jain, as upto 1st February 2022. The coverage of this book is as follows: • Ready Reckoner of GST Laws & Procedures & 1,000 Tips on GST o 1,000+ Tips for GST o 250 CBEC Solutions to GST Problems o Experts Guide on 9+ Topics o A to Z GST Laws & Procedure for Goods & Services – At a Glance in 190+ Pages o Date charts for your obligations under GST on 9+ Topics • GST Acts o CGST Act, 2017 o CGST (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act, 2017 o IGST Act, 2017 o IGST (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act, 2017 o UTGST Act, 2017 o GST (Compensation to States) Act, 2017 o Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016 • GST Rules o Rules under GST • Reverse Charge Mechanism for Goods & Services • Forms & Proformas • State GST & Compensation Cess • Circulars, Press Releases & Public Notices o Departmental Clarification, Flyers/Leaflets, Circulars, Public Notices & Press Release on GST • Advance Ruling on GST • Notifications o Notifications issued under CGST/IGST/UTGST/SGST (including issued by States) • Appeals & Revisions o GST Appellate Tribunal – Notifications & Order • Index to Notifications

Author: Sourish Mohan Mitra
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 9354353746
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 436

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Book Description
About the Book Real estate touches everyone at some point of time in their lives and is much more than buying, selling or leasing immoveable property. It is a whole economy in itself and is often called one of the key drivers of the economy. This book contains a collection of real-life situations faced by common people while undertaking real estate transactions. It provides historical perspective for the current legislations and their evolution from the 19th century British India through more than seventy four years of independent India to the 21st century. It captures modern day practices, malpractices and reforms in the real estate sector. The book endeavours to bring out the practical nuances of dealing in real estate through numerous judicial pronouncements and contractual scenarios, which will enable everyone to understand the legal aspects and make informed choices while undertaking real estate transactions. Key Features - A curated commentary on real estate laws in India that is easy to read, comprehend and apply by everyone including lawyers, students, businessmen, investors, entities, organisations and the common people. - Holistic coverage of laws relating to real estate including their origin, evolution, and impact on modern-day governance structure. - Compilation of case laws spanning over a century showcasing the active role played by the judiciary in interpreting the law. - Highlights the complexities of maintaining records and administrative angle which led to reforms and easy access for the general public. - Underlines the importance of financial funding and sources to secure credit for real estate matters. - Special focus on environmental damage due to expanding real estate requirements, its implications and legal recourse. - Dedicated chapter on common malpractices and fraudulent activities. - Practical instances on how to gear up to handle real estate transactions and avoid common pitfalls.

Author: Dr. K. R. Chandratre
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 9390077729
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 3000

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Book Description
About the Book With the rapid change in statutory environment, Corporate Law has also been evolving at faster pace from past several decades. The complexities in the laws have also been rising, which poses constant challenge to practising professionals. There also exist a lot of issues which perhaps may not be addressed by legislation and delegated legislation, some of which are addressed by the judiciary. The present book is a Compendium of Key Issues under Corporate Laws covering a wide spectrum of subjects in Corporate Laws, in five Volumes. This book brings out issues in Corporate Law covering aspects that professionals face in practice. It also brings out a lot of aspects that readers should be aware of. Legislation and case laws from other jurisdictions have been analysed to provide insight into the issues. Key Features ? Topic-wise detailed analysis of various Corporate Law issues. ? Various issues organised under topic heads addressing the key issues concerning the topic. ? Detailed analysis of statutory provisions along with relevant judicial pronouncements and provisions of allied laws (wherever applicable) for each topic has been provided; e.g. SEBI Act and various Regulations issued by the SEBI. ? Analysis of certain landmark judicial pronouncements. ? Comparative position of various topics between Companies Act, 2013 and Companies Act, 1956. ? Certain new concepts of Companies Act, 2013 explained in detail. ? Rules of interpretation of statutes have been discussed wherever necessary.