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Author: Marina Kousoulidou Publisher: ISBN: 9789279281174 Category : Languages : en Pages : 72
Book Description
One of the main concerns regarding the road transport sector is the fact that it constitutes one of the main sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, since the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in vehicles produces several pollutants. The most common approach for the assessment of traffic-related emission factors is the exhaust gas measurement of vehicles on chassis dynamometers over various driving cycles. A rather favourable approach in order to reduce the number of experimental procedures and thereby the cost of such tests is the development and calibration of vehicle simulation tools and emission models which could be used for the accurate evaluation and quantification of vehicle emissions without the necessity of expensive experimental campaigns. Today, there are several tools for the estimation of traffic-related emissions. Such tools are essential in any European or global policy dealing with emission projections, air pollution or climate change issues.^This study presents a description of the current emission models (COPERT, EMFAC, etc) and vehicle simulation tools (ADVISOR, AUTONOMIE, PHEM etc). The review of existing models and methods provides evidence that there is a large variety of available tools to calculate traffic-related emissions and to develop road transport emission inventories, however, new trends and policies must also be fully incorporated in the existing tools. In addition, in order to use emission models and vehicle simulation tools in the proper way, detailed and precise measurements of vehicle operation are required, otherwise any potential benefits may be lost. This is likely to be rather difficult since such information is relatively expensive or difficult to collect. For example, certain input data may not be available, such as vehicle loading and gear-shift behaviour. The last point raises an important consideration regarding model complexity.^More complex models have the potential to provide more accurate predictions as they take into account more variables. However, they also require more detailed input data which may not be readily available to the model user.
Author: Marina Kousoulidou Publisher: ISBN: 9789279281174 Category : Languages : en Pages : 72
Book Description
One of the main concerns regarding the road transport sector is the fact that it constitutes one of the main sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, since the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in vehicles produces several pollutants. The most common approach for the assessment of traffic-related emission factors is the exhaust gas measurement of vehicles on chassis dynamometers over various driving cycles. A rather favourable approach in order to reduce the number of experimental procedures and thereby the cost of such tests is the development and calibration of vehicle simulation tools and emission models which could be used for the accurate evaluation and quantification of vehicle emissions without the necessity of expensive experimental campaigns. Today, there are several tools for the estimation of traffic-related emissions. Such tools are essential in any European or global policy dealing with emission projections, air pollution or climate change issues.^This study presents a description of the current emission models (COPERT, EMFAC, etc) and vehicle simulation tools (ADVISOR, AUTONOMIE, PHEM etc). The review of existing models and methods provides evidence that there is a large variety of available tools to calculate traffic-related emissions and to develop road transport emission inventories, however, new trends and policies must also be fully incorporated in the existing tools. In addition, in order to use emission models and vehicle simulation tools in the proper way, detailed and precise measurements of vehicle operation are required, otherwise any potential benefits may be lost. This is likely to be rather difficult since such information is relatively expensive or difficult to collect. For example, certain input data may not be available, such as vehicle loading and gear-shift behaviour. The last point raises an important consideration regarding model complexity.^More complex models have the potential to provide more accurate predictions as they take into account more variables. However, they also require more detailed input data which may not be readily available to the model user.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: 9789279346804 Category : Languages : en Pages : 75
Book Description
One of the main concerns regarding the road transport sector is the fact that it constitutes one of the main sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, since the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in vehicles produces several pollutants. The most common approach for the assessment of traffic-related emission factors is the exhaust gas measurement of vehicles on chassis dynamometers over various driving cycles. A rather favourable approach in order to reduce the number of experimental procedures and thereby the cost of such tests is the development and calibration of vehicle simulation tools and emission models which could be used for the accurate evaluation and quantification of vehicle emissions without the necessity of expensive experimental campaigns. Today, there are several tools for the estimation of traffic-related emissions. Such tools are essential in any European or global policy dealing with emission projections, air pollution or climate change issues.^This study presents a description of the current emission models (COPERT, EMFAC, etc.), traffic (AIMSUN, Vissim, etc.) and vehicle simulation tools (ADVISOR, AUTONOMIE, PH EM etc.). The review of existing models and methods provides evidence that there is a large variety of available tools to calculate traffic-related emissions and to develop road transport emission inventories, however, new trends and policies must also be fully incorporated in the existing tools. In addition, in order to use emission models and vehicle simulation tools in the proper way, detailed and precise measurements of vehicle operation are required, otherwise any potential benefits may be lost. This is likely to be rather difficult since such information is relatively expensive or difficult to collect. For example, certain input data may not be available, such as vehicle loading and gear-shift behaviour. The last point raises an important consideration regarding model complexity.^More complex models have the potential to provide more accurate predictions as they take into account more variables. However, they also require more detailed input data which may not be readily available to the model user.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309171903 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 257
Book Description
The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs. Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.
Author: Kyle Patrick Kosman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 304
Book Description
P-values from (p <0.001 to p = 0.0015) were found when performing t-tests for differences in means. This supported this study's research hypothesis namely that microscopic traffic simulators inaccurately output average speeds at midblock. Analysis between CORSIM and field data showed similar results to what were found using the VISSIM model. The only exception to this was with results from data collected at University Avenue during peak hours. The p-value for the University Avenue Peak CORSIM model (p= .3413) suggests that mean speeds are similar between the simulation output and what was collected in the field. An important caveat should accompany these conclusions, however. Although statistics are provided in support of the hypothesis that simulation models are inaccurate in modeling average vehicle speeds, this may not be substantively significant with respect to emission modeling. Only twice was it observed that the simulation models underestimated average vehicle speeds by more than 5 mph. A difference larger than this may be substantially important when dealing with vehicle emissions output.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309070880 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 257
Book Description
The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs. Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.
Author: Waleed Fekry Faris Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9781498721950 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Since a reduction in fuel consumption will lead to reduction in vehicle emissions, automobile manufacturers are currently under pressure to produce more environmentally friendly vehicles. Vehicle fuel consumption and emission models are currently the primary tools for evaluating the regional impacts of transportation projects and for developing and evaluating new powertrains and new hardware in the field of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). This book presents instantaneous and gear-shifting-based analytical models of fuel consumption and regulated exhaust emissions directly account for the individual vehicle characteristics and for the forces acting on the vehicle.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309110009 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 286
Book Description
Many regulations issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are based on the results of computer models. Models help EPA explain environmental phenomena in settings where direct observations are limited or unavailable, and anticipate the effects of agency policies on the environment, human health and the economy. Given the critical role played by models, the EPA asked the National Research Council to assess scientific issues related to the agency's selection and use of models in its decisions. The book recommends a series of guidelines and principles for improving agency models and decision-making processes. The centerpiece of the book's recommended vision is a life-cycle approach to model evaluation which includes peer review, corroboration of results, and other activities. This will enhance the agency's ability to respond to requirements from a 2001 law on information quality and improve policy development and implementation.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309170524 Category : Transportation Languages : en Pages : 134
Book Description
This is the most recent report of the National Research Council's Standing Committee to Review the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), which has conducted annual reviews of the PNGV program since it was established in late 1993. The PNGV is a cooperative R&D program between the federal government and the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR, whose members are DaimlerChrysler, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors) to develop technologies for a new generation of automobiles with up to three times the fuel economy of a 1993 midsize automobile. The reports review major technology development areas (four-stroke direct-injection engines, fuel cells, energy storage, electronic/electrical systems, and structural materials); the overall adequacy of R&D efforts; the systems analysis effort and how it guides decisions on R&D; the progress toward long-range component and system-level cost and performance goals; and efforts in vehicle emissions and advanced materials research and how results target goals. Unlike previous reports, the Seventh Report comments on the goals of the program, since the automotive market and U.S. emission standards have changed significantly since the program was initiated.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 12
Book Description
OVERVIEW: To evaluate vehicle simulation models, there is a need to compare simulation results to test data and/or results from higher fidelity simulations; * Several types of tests and/or maneuvers may need to be compared; * Military procurement requirements; * A process/tool for evaluation of vehicle simulation models has been developed.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309074460 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 261
Book Description
Emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs subject vehicles to periodic inspections of their emission control systems. Despite widespread use of these programs in air-quality management, policy makers and the public have found a number of problems associated with them. Prominent among these issues is the perception that emissions benefits and other impacts of I/M programs have not been evaluated adequately. Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs assesses the effectiveness of these programs for reducing mobile source emissions. In this report, the committee evaluates the differences in the characteristics of motor vehicle emissions in areas with and without I/M programs, identifies criteria and methodologies for their evaluation, and recommends improvements to the programs. Most useful of all, this book will help summarize the observed benefits of these programs and how they can be redirected in the future to increase their effectiveness.
Author: Marina Kousoulidou
Author: Marina Kousoulidou
Author: 
Author: National Research Council
Author: Kyle Patrick Kosman
Author: National Research Council
Author: Waleed Fekry Faris
Author: National Research Council
Author: National Research Council
Author: 
Author: National Research Council