RELATIVE OCCURRENCE OF LIQUID, ICE AND MIXED-PHASE CONDITIONS WITHIN CLOUD AND PRECIPITATION REGIMES PDF Download
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Author: Katia Lamer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The representation of clouds and precipitation in the NASA general circulation model ModelE3 is evaluated using observations collected by ground-based millimeter-wavelength radars and near-infrared lidars operated by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program.Using a retrieval, I produced a climatological benchmark to evaluate ModelE3 representation of warm precipitation intensity and occurrence in the Eastern North Atlantic.To objectively evaluate the occurrence of liquid water and ice in single and multi-layer hydrometeor systems produced by ModelE3, I addressed the many factors that differentiate ModelE3 and ARM observations. I constructed a forward-simulator to transform simulated hydrometeor mass-weighted properties to sensor backscattering-based observables. To assess uncertainty in this process, I generated an ensemble of 576 forward simulations using different water-content-to-backscattering relationships which propagated to no more than 3.7 % uncertainty in hydrometeor frequency of occurrence. I also showed that, by considering instrument detection capabilities in forward simulations, it is possible to objectively determine which hydrometeor-containing model grid cells are comparable to observations, bypassing the need to arbitrarily filter trace amounts that may be numerical noise. Then, I applied the same threshold-based water phase retrieval to both forward-simulated and observed depolarization lidar and Doppler radar observables. Using output from a ModelE3 simulation in the forward simulator framework, I evaluated that using fixed empirical thresholds in this retrieval leads to only 7.6 % unphysical water-phase classifications. I addressed the scale difference between ARM observations and ModelE3 by degrading the vertical resolution of observations to match ModelE3 using a backscatter-weighting technique and by increasing ModelE3 horizontal resolution through the distribution of each of its simulated stratiform and convective clouds and precipitation fractions across 5000 horizontally-microphysically-homogenous subcolumns following assumptions consistent with ModelE3s microphysical scheme. Finally, I created a display that summarizes statistics on the vertical distribution of liquid water, ice water and mixed-phase conditions within the context of thirteen different hydrometeor vertical layering regimes, which I defined based on three altitude-defined atmospheric layers. A statistical comparison of ModelE3 and observations for the month of December at the North Slope of Alaska suggested that ModelE3 produced insufficient amounts of cirrus and too much liquid water in low-level clouds.
Author: Katia Lamer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The representation of clouds and precipitation in the NASA general circulation model ModelE3 is evaluated using observations collected by ground-based millimeter-wavelength radars and near-infrared lidars operated by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program.Using a retrieval, I produced a climatological benchmark to evaluate ModelE3 representation of warm precipitation intensity and occurrence in the Eastern North Atlantic.To objectively evaluate the occurrence of liquid water and ice in single and multi-layer hydrometeor systems produced by ModelE3, I addressed the many factors that differentiate ModelE3 and ARM observations. I constructed a forward-simulator to transform simulated hydrometeor mass-weighted properties to sensor backscattering-based observables. To assess uncertainty in this process, I generated an ensemble of 576 forward simulations using different water-content-to-backscattering relationships which propagated to no more than 3.7 % uncertainty in hydrometeor frequency of occurrence. I also showed that, by considering instrument detection capabilities in forward simulations, it is possible to objectively determine which hydrometeor-containing model grid cells are comparable to observations, bypassing the need to arbitrarily filter trace amounts that may be numerical noise. Then, I applied the same threshold-based water phase retrieval to both forward-simulated and observed depolarization lidar and Doppler radar observables. Using output from a ModelE3 simulation in the forward simulator framework, I evaluated that using fixed empirical thresholds in this retrieval leads to only 7.6 % unphysical water-phase classifications. I addressed the scale difference between ARM observations and ModelE3 by degrading the vertical resolution of observations to match ModelE3 using a backscatter-weighting technique and by increasing ModelE3 horizontal resolution through the distribution of each of its simulated stratiform and convective clouds and precipitation fractions across 5000 horizontally-microphysically-homogenous subcolumns following assumptions consistent with ModelE3s microphysical scheme. Finally, I created a display that summarizes statistics on the vertical distribution of liquid water, ice water and mixed-phase conditions within the context of thirteen different hydrometeor vertical layering regimes, which I defined based on three altitude-defined atmospheric layers. A statistical comparison of ModelE3 and observations for the month of December at the North Slope of Alaska suggested that ModelE3 produced insufficient amounts of cirrus and too much liquid water in low-level clouds.
Author: Constantin Andronache Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 012810550X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 302
Book Description
Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling presents advanced research topics on mixed-phase clouds. As the societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, there is a continuous need to refine atmospheric observations, techniques and numerical models. Understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital for current applications, such as prediction and prevention of aircraft icing, weather modification, and the assessment of the effects of cloud phase partition in climate models. This book provides the essential information needed to address these problems with a focus on current observations, simulations and applications. Provides in-depth knowledge and simulation of mixed-phase clouds over many regions of Earth, explaining their role in weather and climate Features current research examples and case studies, including those on advanced research methods from authors with experience in both academia and the industry Discusses the latest advances in this subject area, providing the reader with access to best practices for remote sensing and numerical modeling
Author: Yangang Liu Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119528992 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 483
Book Description
Improving weather and climate prediction with better representation of fast processes in atmospheric models Many atmospheric processes that influence Earth’s weather and climate occur at spatiotemporal scales that are too small to be resolved in large scale models. They must be parameterized, which means approximately representing them by variables that can be resolved by model grids. Fast Processes in Large Scale Atmospheric Models: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities explores ways to better investigate and represent multiple parameterized processes in models and thus improve their ability to make accurate climate and weather predictions. Volume highlights include: Historical development of the parameterization of fast processes in numerical models Different types of major sub-grid processes and their parameterizations Efforts to unify the treatment of individual processes and their interactions Top-down versus bottom-up approaches across multiple scales Measurement techniques, observational studies, and frameworks for model evaluation Emerging challenges, new opportunities, and future research directions The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Author: Pao K. Wang Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9813344318 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 183
Book Description
This book summarizes unique research findings on the hydrodynamic behavior of ice particles (ice crystals, snow, graupel and hailstones) in the atmosphere. The fall behavior of ice hydrometeors determines how and how fast a mixed-phase cloud can grow or dissipate. The book discusses how the authors used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods and numerical simulations to determine these behaviors, and presents these computations along with numerous detailed tables and illustrations of turbulent flow fields. It also examines the implications of the results for the general atmospheric sciences as well as for climate science (since the cloud problem is the source of the greatest uncertainty in model-based climate predictions). As such it allows readers to gain a clear and comprehensive understanding of how particles fall in clouds and offers insights into cloud physics and dynamics and their impact on the climate..
Author: Darrel Baumgardner Publisher: ISBN: 9781944970260 Category : Atmospheric nucleation Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
"Ice crystals, with their myriad shapes, sizes and densities, play an important role in the formation, evolution and subsequent impact of ice and mixed-phase clouds on weather and climate. There are numerous pathways through which ice crystals nucleate, grow and dissipate. Although many of these are understood theoretically and have been simulated in the laboratory and cloud chambers, they are less well documented in natural clouds. The challenges of making measurements from moving platforms in an environment that is spatially inhomogenous and temporally unsteady, as well as sometimes at high altitudes and in clouds with icing potential makes these clouds difficult to observe. Nevertheless, the importance of ice clouds on climate and the hydrological cycle compels us to better understand ice processes through improved measurements over as broad of a temporal and geographical scale as possible. This monograph represents a collection of articles that do exactly that."-- Book jacket.
Author: Sylvia Sullivan Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119700310 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 371
Book Description
Clouds and Their Climatic Impacts Clouds are an influential and complex element of Earth’s climate system. They evolve rapidly in time and exist over small spatial scales, but also affect global radiative balance and large-scale circulations. With more powerful models and extensive observations now at our disposal, the climate impact of clouds is receiving ever more research attention. Clouds and Their Climatic Impacts: Radiation, Circulation, and Precipitation presents an overview of our current understanding on various types of clouds and cloud systems and their multifaceted role in the radiative budget, circulation patterns, and rainfall. Volume highlights include: Interactions of aerosol with both liquid and ice clouds Surface and atmospheric cloud radiative feedbacks and effects Arctic, extratropical, and tropical clouds Cloud-circulation coupling at global, meso, and micro scales Precipitation efficiency, phase, and measurements The role of machine learning in understanding clouds and climate The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Author: Ulrike Lohmann Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1316586251 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 419
Book Description
An Introduction to Clouds provides a fundamental understanding of clouds, ranging from cloud microphysics to the large-scale impacts of clouds on climate. On the microscale, phase changes and ice nucleation are covered comprehensively, including aerosol particles and thermodynamics relevant for the formation of clouds and precipitation. At larger scales, cloud dynamics, mid-latitude storms and tropical cyclones are discussed leading to the role of clouds on the hydrological cycle and climate. Each chapter ends with problem sets and multiple-choice questions that can be completed online, and important equations are highlighted in boxes for ease of reference. Combining mathematical formulations with qualitative explanations of underlying concepts, this accessible book requires relatively little previous knowledge, making it ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in atmospheric science, environmental sciences and related disciplines.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309102707 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 245
Book Description
As part of the Physics 2010 decadal survey project, the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation requested that the National Research Council assess the opportunities, over roughly the next decade, in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) science and technology. In particular, the National Research Council was asked to cover the state of AMO science, emphasizing recent accomplishments and identifying new and compelling scientific questions. Controlling the Quantum World, discusses both the roles and challenges for AMO science in instrumentation; scientific research near absolute zero; development of extremely intense x-ray and laser sources; exploration and control of molecular processes; photonics at the nanoscale level; and development of quantum information technology. This book also offers an assessment of and recommendations about critical issues concerning maintaining U.S. leadership in AMO science and technology.
Author: Silas Michaelides Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 012822973X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 870
Book Description
Precipitation Science: Measurement, Remote Sensing, Microphysics and Modeling addresses the latest key concerns for researchers in precipitation science, mainly observing, measuring, modeling and forecasting. Using case studies and global examples, the book demonstrates how researchers are addressing these issues using state-of-the-art methods and models to improve accuracy and output across the field. In the process, it covers such topics as discrepancies between models and observations, precipitation estimations, error assessment, droplet size distributions, and using data in forecasting and simulations. Other sections cover improved standard approaches, novel approaches, and coverage of a variety of topics such as climatology, data records, and more. By providing comprehensive coverage of the most up-to-date approaches to understanding, modeling, and predicting precipitation, this book offers researchers in atmospheric science, hydrology and meteorology with a comprehensive resource for improving outcomes and advancing knowledge. Provides updated and novel approaches to key issues in precipitation research Offers practical knowledge through global examples and case studies Includes full-color visuals to enhance comprehension of key concepts
Author: Manfred Wendisch Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527653236 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 659
Book Description
This first comprehensive review of airborne measurement principles covers all atmospheric components and surface parameters. It describes the common techniques to characterize aerosol particles and cloud/precipitation elements, while also explaining radiation quantities and pertinent hyperspectral and active remote sensing measurement techniques along the way. As a result, the major principles of operation are introduced and exemplified using specific instruments, treating both classic and emerging measurement techniques. The two editors head an international community of eminent scientists, all of them accepted and experienced specialists in their field, who help readers to understand specific problems related to airborne research, such as immanent uncertainties and limitations. They also provide guidance on the suitability of instruments to measure certain parameters and to select the correct type of device. While primarily intended for climate, geophysical and atmospheric researchers, its relevance to solar system objects makes this work equally appealing to astronomers studying atmospheres of solar system bodies with telescopes and space probes.
Author: Katia Lamer
Author: Katia Lamer
Author: Constantin Andronache
Author: Yangang Liu
Author: Pao K. Wang
Author: Darrel Baumgardner
Author: Sylvia Sullivan
Author: Ulrike Lohmann
Author: National Research Council
Author: Silas Michaelides
Author: Manfred Wendisch