Relationship Between the Percentage of Predicted Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Pre-menopausal Women PDF Download

Author: Joseph Abdulnour
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : University of Ottawa theses
Languages : en
Pages : 148

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Author: Corinna Serviente
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Menopause is associated with adverse changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors. A reduction in estrogens is most commonly associated with changing cardiovascular disease risk; however, recent observations suggest that the increase in follicle stimulating hormone that accompanies menopause may also influence risk, potentially through its influence on lipid levels. The changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors may adversely affect endothelial cell function, a pre-clinical marker for cardiovascular disease. Whether cardiorespiratory fitness is protective of endothelial health in this population, thereby mitigating the changes in risk that accompany menopause, is unclear. This dissertation evaluated differences in endothelial health and endothelial responses to acute exercise in women in various menopausal stages and with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. Endothelial health was assessed using flow-mediated dilation and endothelial microparticles (EMPs). The project also evaluated whether follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were related to lipid levels in a large cohort of postmenopausal women. We found that: 1) endothelial function declines with menopause, independent of cardiorespiratory fitness, 2) EMPs are reduced with acute, moderate intensity exercise in midlife women, despite differences in menopausal status and cardiorespiratory fitness, 3) High FSH is related to dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women. Together, these data suggest that menopause and cardiorespiratory fitness differentially impact factors related to cardiovascular disease risk.

Author: Bryan L. Haddock
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 220

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Author: Claudette Andrea
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
ISBN: 1499017464
Category : Self-Help
Languages : en
Pages : 94

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Contrary to the perception of women that heart disease is a disease that will only strike men, heart disease was also the number one killer among women as of 2000 (Beattie, 2000). After the age of 50, nearly half of all women’s deaths were due to cardiovascular disease (CVD; Beattie, 2000). CVD has been the leading cause of death among women in the United States, accounting for half-a-million deaths and 2.5 million hospitalizations annually (Deaton, 2000). Women who belong to ethnic minority groups have exhibited CVD risk factors to a greater extent than Caucasian women (Juarbe, 1998). Many researchers have found greater prevalence of high blood pressure, physical inactivity, excess weight, and diabetes in African American women than in Caucasian women (Fleury, 2000). Even fewer researchers have examined CVD risk factors among Hispanic Americans, who constituted 11% of the population in the United States in 2002 (Eyler, Vest, Sanderson, & Wibur, 2002). More researchers must conduct studies regarding the risks of heart disease in Hispanic women. It is important to note that there is a deep connection between a person’s emotions, nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system (Cohen, 2004). There was a link demonstrated in the literature between the availability of emotional support and the direct health outcomes produced (Eyler et al., 2002). As a result, this study was intended to investigate the impact of emotional support from friends, family, and medical professionals in helping to deal with CVD in Hispanic and non-Hispanic menopausal women. The chapter begins with the background of the problem, problem statement, and significance of the study. The chapter will include the research questions that guided the study and a short definition of the main terms. The theoretical framework for the study is also a part of the content, with further discussion provided in the literature review. These sections establish the practical goals for the study and illustrate the need for continued CVD management research in the field of health.

Author: Heather J. Leach
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African American women
Languages : en
Pages :

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for women in the US. Prevalence of risk factors for CVD such as hypertension, physical inactivity and obesity is high in African American (AA) women. Ecologic models suggest that built environments which support physical activity can reduce risk for CVD. However, questions remain about the influence of the built environment on changes or long term maintenance of physical activity, health outcomes, and overall risk for CVD. This study examined the influence of built environment characteristics on (1) changes in self-reported physical activity, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (BF%) and blood pressure (BP) five years following an individually focused intervention, (2) cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), lipid profile and fasting blood glucose, and (3) the likelihood of having four or more CVD risk factors at ideal levels. AA women who took part in the Health Is Power (HIP) project participated in this study (N=30). Participant’s neighborhoods were assessed for characteristics hypothesized to support physical activity. At five-year follow up, BMI (M=33.5kg/m2, SD=8.3) and diastolic BP (M=78.9mmHg, SD=10.6) were not significantly different from post intervention. BF% (M=43.7, SD=5.8) increased, and systolic BP (M=117.9, SD=13.5), walking physical activity (Median=973.0 MET-min/week) and leisure time physical activity (Median=792.2 MET-min/week) decreased from post intervention. Overall, 66.7% of participants had four or more CVD risk factor metrics at ideal levels. Linear regression models showed that built environment characteristics did not predict changes in physical activity or health outcomes from post intervention to five-year follow up. Higher crime score was associated with larger waist circumference [F(1,25)=5.39, p=.029, R2=.183], and participants who were older than 55 and lived in neighborhoods with few, low quality physical activity resources were least likely to have four or more CVD risk factors metrics at ideal levels. To support sustainability of health behaviors and outcomes following an individually focused intervention, researchers and community leaders should consider the importance of other aspects the intervention such as psycho-social factors. Qualitative aspects of the built environment such as crime and quality of physical activity resources may be most important for health and disease risk in older, AA women.

Author: Iris Aline Lesser
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 97

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Background: South Asians have higher rates of type 2 Diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) than Europeans with earlier disease onset. South Asians have been shown to have a unique obesity phenotype of greater visceral adipose tissue (VAT) at a given body size which may explain the higher cardio-metabolic risk factors compared to Europeans. Exercise has been shown to reduce VAT in Europeans but it is unknown if it is also effective in South Asians given their unique obesity phenotype.Objectives: The objectives of this thesis were threefold; 1) to explore the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and VAT; 2) to assess the role of standard exercise and Bhangra dance in altering VAT and 3) to assess the association between exercise-induced change in VAT and change in cardio-metabolic risk in post-menopausal South Asian women.Methods: Multi-slice computed tomography was used to assess VAT, aerobic fitness via metabolic testing and cardio-metabolic risk factors through a 12-hour fasting sample. Seventy-five post-menopausal South Asian women were randomized into either three weekly sessions for 12-weeks of standard exercise, Bhangra dance or a non-exercise control group. One-way ANOVA was used to compare VAT across tertiles of CRF. General linear models were used to assess whether VAT was reduced in exercise compared to the referent control group. Bivariate correlations were used to assess the associations between change in VAT with change in cardio-metabolic risk factors. Results: Physically inactive post-menopausal South Asian women with higher levels of CRF were shown to have lower levels of VAT. There was a non-significant reduction in VAT after 12-weeks of aerobic exercise compared to the referent control group while the Bhangra dance group exhibited a significant improvement in CRF. The change in VAT was significantly associated with change in markers of glucose regulation.Discussion: Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with VAT; however, a 12-week aerobic exercise program did not significantly reduce VAT in South Asian women. Nevertheless, those who reduced VAT saw improvements in cardio-metabolic risk factors. There may be a South Asian VAT "resistant" phenotype; however, Bhangra dance appears to be an effective physical activity option for increasing CRF.

Author: Joseph Abdulnour
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Menopause transition is a natural process in a woman's life associated with altered body fat distribution, increased cardiometabolic risk, and the presentation of vasomotor symptoms including hot flashes and night sweats. A 5-year observational, longitudinal study (MONET: Montreal Ottawa New Emerging Team), was performed to document the effect of menopause transition on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors. Initially, the study included 102 healthy non-obese premenopausal women between the age of 47 and 55 years. By the end of year 5, 91 women completed the study, 4% were still premenopausal, 29% were perimenopausal and 67% became postmenopausal. The major finding of the first study was that the increases in body fat mass and visceral fat in our cohort of non-obese women followed through the menopause transition were independent of the increase in body weight. Furthermore, these changes in body composition and body fat distribution were not associated with cardiometabolic deteriorations. We further examined whether specific factors such as reporting vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes and/or night sweats), exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure, physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness, may be associated with adiposity, body fat distribution and cardiometabolic profile. Overall, women that experienced vasomotor symptoms (paper 2) or presented an exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure (paper 3), did not present any alterations in their body composition, body fat distribution and cardiometabolic profile compared to asymptomatic women and participants with normal blood pressure response to exercise, respectively. Furthermore, exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure was not predictive of future hypertension after a 5-year follow-up throughout menopause transition. On the other hand, total volume of physical activity was not linked with measures of a cardiometabolic profile, cardiorespiratory fitness appeared to have the greatest cardioprotective effect (paper 4). Therefore, in generally healthy physically active non-obese premenopausal women, the menopause transition does not generally alter cardiometabolic risk factors, and suggests that cardiorespiratory fitness may have greater cardiometabolic protective effects in this cohort.

Author: Raja Sree R Subramaniam
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3668127476
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 12

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Scientific Essay from the year 2012 in the subject Psychology - Clinical Psychology, Psychopathology, Prevention, grade: B+, , course: Health Psychology, language: English, abstract: According to the World Health Organization(WHO, 2007), 45% of all deaths in older women globally were attributed to Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), and it is predicted, that the number of women who are affected by the disease is set to rise world wide (WHO,2007). The CVD is caused by buildup of atherosclerosis plaque, which result in the narrowed arteries causing insufficient supply of oxygen and nourishment to the heart (Suarez, 2003b). Temporary obstructions in the vital supply contribute to angina pectoris, and severe obstructions cause myocardial infarction (Suarez, Lewis, Krishnan & Young, 2004) . Sclavo (2001) indicated that a significant factor to the risk of CVD mortality in women over 50 years is menopause. Mendelsohn and Karas (1999) described that depletion of estrogen and increased LDL cholesterol levels at menopause negatively impacts the cardiovascular and metabolism function . Modifiable health damaging activities such as smoking, physical inactivity, poor eating habits and alcohol consumption are likely to cause CVD and other health complications such as diabetes, obesity and hypertension in post-menopausal women( Rich-Edwards, Manson, Hennekens & Buring, 1995). Personal, psychological and socio-cultural perspectives are said to influence the health-risk behaviour and illness in people(Matarazzo ,1994) . By exploring the health beliefs, perceived barriers and benefits to health seeking behaviour ( Rosenstock, Strecher & Becker, 1988), implementation of health promoting programs, prevention measures and adherence to medical advice can be structured to meet the CVD health requirement in postmenopausal women.

Author:
Publisher: ScholarlyEditions
ISBN: 1464921512
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 491

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Pancreatic Hormones: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Pancreatic Hormones in a concise format. The editors have built Pancreatic Hormones: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Pancreatic Hormones in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Pancreatic Hormones: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Author: Lorrie Kirshenbaum
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783031399275
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women and men worldwide and represents a major financial burden to world health care systems. Importantly, CVD has eclipsed cancer as the leading cause of death for women globally. Through advancements in research and clinical testing, the symptoms and risk factors for CVD have been well established for men, but not for women. Consequently, there is an immediate need for new innovative research that will bridge this gap and allow for improved early diagnosis and treatment of CVD in women. This book will serve as a guide for health care providers to better understand the physiological, biochemical, and genetic differences in heart disease in women with the goal of providing improved education, awareness and treatment of cardiovascular disease in women. The book will cover topics such as: sex dependent clinical outcomes of cardiovascular disease, cardiac protection by estrogen, cardiac health during menopause, cardiac rehabilitation programs, fitness and exercise, cardio-oncology, shift work and the CVD risk, and pregnancy related CVD.