Author: AA. VV.
Publisher: LED Edizioni Universitarie
ISBN: 8879162446
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 111
Book Description
CONTENTS: Care and Nutrition: Ethical Issues. Exploring the Moral Nexus between Caring and Eating through Natural History, Anthropology and the Ethics of Care, Maurizio Fürst - Victims and Responsibility. Restorative Justice: a New Path for Justice towards Non-human Animals?, Lorenzo Bertolesi - Veganism: Lifestyle or Political Movement? Looking for Relations beyond Antispeciesism, Niccolò Bertuzzi - Food Security: the Challenge of Nutrition in the New Century, Nicholas Chiari - A New Bet for Scientists? Implementing the Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) Approach in the Research Practices, Alba L’Astorina & Monica Di Fiore - Laboratory and Farm Animal Law: Opportunities for Ending Animal Use, Christina Dodkin & Kimberley Jayne - Corey Lee Wrenn, A Rational Approach to Animal Rights: Extension in Abolitionist Theory (2015), Alma Massaro
Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism. Vol. 5, No. 2 (2017). Food: shared life: Part II
Author: AA. VV.
Publisher: LED Edizioni Universitarie
ISBN: 8879162446
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 111
Book Description
CONTENTS: Care and Nutrition: Ethical Issues. Exploring the Moral Nexus between Caring and Eating through Natural History, Anthropology and the Ethics of Care, Maurizio Fürst - Victims and Responsibility. Restorative Justice: a New Path for Justice towards Non-human Animals?, Lorenzo Bertolesi - Veganism: Lifestyle or Political Movement? Looking for Relations beyond Antispeciesism, Niccolò Bertuzzi - Food Security: the Challenge of Nutrition in the New Century, Nicholas Chiari - A New Bet for Scientists? Implementing the Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) Approach in the Research Practices, Alba L’Astorina & Monica Di Fiore - Laboratory and Farm Animal Law: Opportunities for Ending Animal Use, Christina Dodkin & Kimberley Jayne - Corey Lee Wrenn, A Rational Approach to Animal Rights: Extension in Abolitionist Theory (2015), Alma Massaro
Publisher: LED Edizioni Universitarie
ISBN: 8879162446
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 111
Book Description
CONTENTS: Care and Nutrition: Ethical Issues. Exploring the Moral Nexus between Caring and Eating through Natural History, Anthropology and the Ethics of Care, Maurizio Fürst - Victims and Responsibility. Restorative Justice: a New Path for Justice towards Non-human Animals?, Lorenzo Bertolesi - Veganism: Lifestyle or Political Movement? Looking for Relations beyond Antispeciesism, Niccolò Bertuzzi - Food Security: the Challenge of Nutrition in the New Century, Nicholas Chiari - A New Bet for Scientists? Implementing the Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) Approach in the Research Practices, Alba L’Astorina & Monica Di Fiore - Laboratory and Farm Animal Law: Opportunities for Ending Animal Use, Christina Dodkin & Kimberley Jayne - Corey Lee Wrenn, A Rational Approach to Animal Rights: Extension in Abolitionist Theory (2015), Alma Massaro
Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism. Vol. 5, No. 1 (2017). Food: shared life: Part I
Author: AA. VV.
Publisher: LED Edizioni Universitarie
ISBN: 887916435X
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 135
Book Description
CONTENTS: Editorial. Summer School "Cibo: la vita condivisa", Paola Fossati - The Philosophical Origins of Vegetarianism: Greek Philosophers and Animal World, Letterio Mauro - God, the Bible and the Environment: an Historical Excursus on the Relationship between Christian Religion and Ecology, Marco Damonte - Respect for Intergrity: How Christian Animal Ethics Could Inform EU Legislation on Farm Animals, Alma Massaro - Philosophy of Nutrition: a Historical, Existential, Phenomenological Perspective, Enrico R.A. Calogero Giannetto - Livestock Production to Feed the Planet. Animal Protein: a Forecast of Global Demand over the Next Years, Antonella Baldi & Davide Gottardo - Skeptics and "The White Stuff": Promotion of Cows' Milk and Other Nonhuman Animal Products in the SkepticCommunity as Normative Whiteness, Corey Lee Wrenn - Donovan O. Schaefer, Religious Affects: Animality, Evolution, and Power (2015). Review, Eleonora Adorni
Publisher: LED Edizioni Universitarie
ISBN: 887916435X
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 135
Book Description
CONTENTS: Editorial. Summer School "Cibo: la vita condivisa", Paola Fossati - The Philosophical Origins of Vegetarianism: Greek Philosophers and Animal World, Letterio Mauro - God, the Bible and the Environment: an Historical Excursus on the Relationship between Christian Religion and Ecology, Marco Damonte - Respect for Intergrity: How Christian Animal Ethics Could Inform EU Legislation on Farm Animals, Alma Massaro - Philosophy of Nutrition: a Historical, Existential, Phenomenological Perspective, Enrico R.A. Calogero Giannetto - Livestock Production to Feed the Planet. Animal Protein: a Forecast of Global Demand over the Next Years, Antonella Baldi & Davide Gottardo - Skeptics and "The White Stuff": Promotion of Cows' Milk and Other Nonhuman Animal Products in the SkepticCommunity as Normative Whiteness, Corey Lee Wrenn - Donovan O. Schaefer, Religious Affects: Animality, Evolution, and Power (2015). Review, Eleonora Adorni
Laudato Si
Author: Pope Francis
Publisher: Our Sunday Visitor
ISBN: 1612783872
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 119
Book Description
“In the heart of this world, the Lord of life, who loves us so much, is always present. He does not abandon us, he does not leave us alone, for he has united himself definitively to our earth, and his love constantly impels us to find new ways forward. Praise be to him!” – Pope Francis, Laudato Si’ In his second encyclical, Laudato Si’: On the Care of Our Common Home, Pope Francis draws all Christians into a dialogue with every person on the planet about our common home. We as human beings are united by the concern for our planet, and every living thing that dwells on it, especially the poorest and most vulnerable. Pope Francis’ letter joins the body of the Church’s social and moral teaching, draws on the best scientific research, providing the foundation for “the ethical and spiritual itinerary that follows.” Laudato Si’ outlines: The current state of our “common home” The Gospel message as seen through creation The human causes of the ecological crisis Ecology and the common good Pope Francis’ call to action for each of us Our Sunday Visitor has included discussion questions, making it perfect for individual or group study, leading all Catholics and Christians into a deeper understanding of the importance of this teaching.
Publisher: Our Sunday Visitor
ISBN: 1612783872
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 119
Book Description
“In the heart of this world, the Lord of life, who loves us so much, is always present. He does not abandon us, he does not leave us alone, for he has united himself definitively to our earth, and his love constantly impels us to find new ways forward. Praise be to him!” – Pope Francis, Laudato Si’ In his second encyclical, Laudato Si’: On the Care of Our Common Home, Pope Francis draws all Christians into a dialogue with every person on the planet about our common home. We as human beings are united by the concern for our planet, and every living thing that dwells on it, especially the poorest and most vulnerable. Pope Francis’ letter joins the body of the Church’s social and moral teaching, draws on the best scientific research, providing the foundation for “the ethical and spiritual itinerary that follows.” Laudato Si’ outlines: The current state of our “common home” The Gospel message as seen through creation The human causes of the ecological crisis Ecology and the common good Pope Francis’ call to action for each of us Our Sunday Visitor has included discussion questions, making it perfect for individual or group study, leading all Catholics and Christians into a deeper understanding of the importance of this teaching.
The Perception of the Environment
Author: Tim Ingold
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000504662
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 644
Book Description
In this work Tim Ingold offers a persuasive new approach to understanding how human beings perceive their surroundings. He argues that what we are used to calling cultural variation consists, in the first place, of variations in skill. Neither innate nor acquired, skills are grown, incorporated into the human organism through practice and training in an environment. They are thus as much biological as cultural. To account for the generation of skills we have therefore to understand the dynamics of development. And this in turn calls for an ecological approach that situates practitioners in the context of an active engagement with the constituents of their surroundings. The twenty-three essays comprising this book focus in turn on the procurement of livelihood, on what it means to ‘dwell’, and on the nature of skill, weaving together approaches from social anthropology, ecological psychology, developmental biology and phenomenology in a way that has never been attempted before. The book is set to revolutionise the way we think about what is ‘biological’ and ‘cultural’ in humans, about evolution and history, and indeed about what it means for human beings – at once organisms and persons – to inhabit an environment. The Perception of the Environment will be essential reading not only for anthropologists but also for biologists, psychologists, archaeologists, geographers and philosophers. This edition includes a new Preface by the author.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000504662
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 644
Book Description
In this work Tim Ingold offers a persuasive new approach to understanding how human beings perceive their surroundings. He argues that what we are used to calling cultural variation consists, in the first place, of variations in skill. Neither innate nor acquired, skills are grown, incorporated into the human organism through practice and training in an environment. They are thus as much biological as cultural. To account for the generation of skills we have therefore to understand the dynamics of development. And this in turn calls for an ecological approach that situates practitioners in the context of an active engagement with the constituents of their surroundings. The twenty-three essays comprising this book focus in turn on the procurement of livelihood, on what it means to ‘dwell’, and on the nature of skill, weaving together approaches from social anthropology, ecological psychology, developmental biology and phenomenology in a way that has never been attempted before. The book is set to revolutionise the way we think about what is ‘biological’ and ‘cultural’ in humans, about evolution and history, and indeed about what it means for human beings – at once organisms and persons – to inhabit an environment. The Perception of the Environment will be essential reading not only for anthropologists but also for biologists, psychologists, archaeologists, geographers and philosophers. This edition includes a new Preface by the author.
Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 10 - E-Book
Author: R. Eric Miller
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323828531
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 834
Book Description
Get the latest advances in zoo and wild animal medicine in one invaluable reference! Written by internationally recognized experts, Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, Volume 10 provides a practical guide to the latest research and clinical management of captive and free-ranging wild animals. For each animal, coverage includes topics such as biology, anatomy and special physiology, reproduction, restraint and handling, housing requirements, nutrition and feeding, surgery and anesthesia, diagnostics, and treatment protocols. New topics in this edition include holistic treatments, antibiotic resistance in aquariums, non-invasive imaging for amphibians, emerging reptile viruses, and African ground hornbill medicine, in addition to giant anteater medicine, Brucella in marine animals, and rhinoceros birth parameters. With coverage of many subjects where information has not been readily available, Fowler's is a resource you don't want to be without. - Fowler's Current Therapy format ensures that each volume in the series covers all-new topics with timely information on current topics of interest in the field. - Focused coverage offers just the right amount of depth — often fewer than 10 pages in a chapter — which makes the material easier to access and easier to understand. - General taxon-based format covers all terrestrial vertebrate taxa plus selected topics on aquatic and invertebrate taxa. - Updated information from the Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS) includes records from their growing database for 2.3 million animals (374,000 living) and 23,000 taxa, which can serve as a basis for new research. - Expert, global contributors include authors from the U.S. and 25 other countries, each representing trends in their part of the world, and each focusing on the latest research and clinical management of captive and free-ranging wild animals. - NEW! All-new topics and contributors ensure that this volume addresses the most current issues relating to zoo and wild animals. - NEW! Content on emerging diseases includes topics such as COVID-19, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, yellow fever in South American primates, monitoring herpesviruses in multiple species, and canine distemper in unusual species. - NEW! Emphasis on management includes coverage of diversity in zoo and wildlife medicine. - NEW! Panel of international contributors includes, for the first time, experts from Costa Rica, Estonia, Ethiopia, India, Norway, and Singapore, along with many other countries. - NEW! Enhanced eBook version is included with each print purchase, providing a fully searchable version of the entire text and access to all of its text, figures, and references.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323828531
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 834
Book Description
Get the latest advances in zoo and wild animal medicine in one invaluable reference! Written by internationally recognized experts, Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, Volume 10 provides a practical guide to the latest research and clinical management of captive and free-ranging wild animals. For each animal, coverage includes topics such as biology, anatomy and special physiology, reproduction, restraint and handling, housing requirements, nutrition and feeding, surgery and anesthesia, diagnostics, and treatment protocols. New topics in this edition include holistic treatments, antibiotic resistance in aquariums, non-invasive imaging for amphibians, emerging reptile viruses, and African ground hornbill medicine, in addition to giant anteater medicine, Brucella in marine animals, and rhinoceros birth parameters. With coverage of many subjects where information has not been readily available, Fowler's is a resource you don't want to be without. - Fowler's Current Therapy format ensures that each volume in the series covers all-new topics with timely information on current topics of interest in the field. - Focused coverage offers just the right amount of depth — often fewer than 10 pages in a chapter — which makes the material easier to access and easier to understand. - General taxon-based format covers all terrestrial vertebrate taxa plus selected topics on aquatic and invertebrate taxa. - Updated information from the Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS) includes records from their growing database for 2.3 million animals (374,000 living) and 23,000 taxa, which can serve as a basis for new research. - Expert, global contributors include authors from the U.S. and 25 other countries, each representing trends in their part of the world, and each focusing on the latest research and clinical management of captive and free-ranging wild animals. - NEW! All-new topics and contributors ensure that this volume addresses the most current issues relating to zoo and wild animals. - NEW! Content on emerging diseases includes topics such as COVID-19, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, yellow fever in South American primates, monitoring herpesviruses in multiple species, and canine distemper in unusual species. - NEW! Emphasis on management includes coverage of diversity in zoo and wildlife medicine. - NEW! Panel of international contributors includes, for the first time, experts from Costa Rica, Estonia, Ethiopia, India, Norway, and Singapore, along with many other countries. - NEW! Enhanced eBook version is included with each print purchase, providing a fully searchable version of the entire text and access to all of its text, figures, and references.
How Forests Think
Author: Eduardo Kohn
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 0520276108
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 288
Book Description
Can forests think? Do dogs dream? In this astonishing book, Eduardo Kohn challenges the very foundations of anthropology, calling into question our central assumptions about what it means to be humanÑand thus distinct from all other life forms. Based on four years of fieldwork among the Runa of EcuadorÕs Upper Amazon, Eduardo Kohn draws on his rich ethnography to explore how Amazonians interact with the many creatures that inhabit one of the worldÕs most complex ecosystems. Whether or not we recognize it, our anthropological tools hinge on those capacities that make us distinctly human. However, when we turn our ethnographic attention to how we relate to other kinds of beings, these tools (which have the effect of divorcing us from the rest of the world) break down. How Forests Think seizes on this breakdown as an opportunity. Avoiding reductionistic solutions, and without losing sight of how our lives and those of others are caught up in the moral webs we humans spin, this book skillfully fashions new kinds of conceptual tools from the strange and unexpected properties of the living world itself. In this groundbreaking work, Kohn takes anthropology in a new and exciting directionÐone that offers a more capacious way to think about the world we share with other kinds of beings.
Publisher: Univ of California Press
ISBN: 0520276108
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 288
Book Description
Can forests think? Do dogs dream? In this astonishing book, Eduardo Kohn challenges the very foundations of anthropology, calling into question our central assumptions about what it means to be humanÑand thus distinct from all other life forms. Based on four years of fieldwork among the Runa of EcuadorÕs Upper Amazon, Eduardo Kohn draws on his rich ethnography to explore how Amazonians interact with the many creatures that inhabit one of the worldÕs most complex ecosystems. Whether or not we recognize it, our anthropological tools hinge on those capacities that make us distinctly human. However, when we turn our ethnographic attention to how we relate to other kinds of beings, these tools (which have the effect of divorcing us from the rest of the world) break down. How Forests Think seizes on this breakdown as an opportunity. Avoiding reductionistic solutions, and without losing sight of how our lives and those of others are caught up in the moral webs we humans spin, this book skillfully fashions new kinds of conceptual tools from the strange and unexpected properties of the living world itself. In this groundbreaking work, Kohn takes anthropology in a new and exciting directionÐone that offers a more capacious way to think about the world we share with other kinds of beings.
Matters of Care
Author: María Puig de la Bellacasa
Publisher: U of Minnesota Press
ISBN: 1452953473
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
To care can feel good, or it can feel bad. It can do good, it can oppress. But what is care? A moral obligation? A burden? A joy? Is it only human? In Matters of Care, María Puig de la Bellacasa presents a powerful challenge to conventional notions of care, exploring its significance as an ethical and political obligation for thinking in the more than human worlds of technoscience and naturecultures. Matters of Care contests the view that care is something only humans do, and argues for extending to non-humans the consideration of agencies and communities that make the living web of care by considering how care circulates in the natural world. The first of the book’s two parts, “Knowledge Politics,” defines the motivations for expanding the ethico-political meanings of care, focusing on discussions in science and technology that engage with sociotechnical assemblages and objects as lively, politically charged “things.” The second part, “Speculative Ethics in Antiecological Times,” considers everyday ecologies of sustaining and perpetuating life for their potential to transform our entrenched relations to natural worlds as “resources.” From the ethics and politics of care to experiential research on care to feminist science and technology studies, Matters of Care is a singular contribution to an emerging interdisciplinary debate that expands agency beyond the human to ask how our understandings of care must shift if we broaden the world.
Publisher: U of Minnesota Press
ISBN: 1452953473
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
To care can feel good, or it can feel bad. It can do good, it can oppress. But what is care? A moral obligation? A burden? A joy? Is it only human? In Matters of Care, María Puig de la Bellacasa presents a powerful challenge to conventional notions of care, exploring its significance as an ethical and political obligation for thinking in the more than human worlds of technoscience and naturecultures. Matters of Care contests the view that care is something only humans do, and argues for extending to non-humans the consideration of agencies and communities that make the living web of care by considering how care circulates in the natural world. The first of the book’s two parts, “Knowledge Politics,” defines the motivations for expanding the ethico-political meanings of care, focusing on discussions in science and technology that engage with sociotechnical assemblages and objects as lively, politically charged “things.” The second part, “Speculative Ethics in Antiecological Times,” considers everyday ecologies of sustaining and perpetuating life for their potential to transform our entrenched relations to natural worlds as “resources.” From the ethics and politics of care to experiential research on care to feminist science and technology studies, Matters of Care is a singular contribution to an emerging interdisciplinary debate that expands agency beyond the human to ask how our understandings of care must shift if we broaden the world.
Towards a Natural Social Contract
Author: Patrick Huntjens
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030671305
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 212
Book Description
This open access book is a 2022 Nautilus Gold Medal winner in the category "World Cultures' Transformational Growth & Development". It states that the societal fault lines of our times are deeply intertwined and that they confront us with challenges affecting the security, fairness and sustainability of our societies. The author, Prof. Dr. Patrick Huntjens, argues that overcoming these existential challenges will require a fundamental shift from our current anthropocentric and economic growth-oriented approach to a more ecocentric and regenerative approach. He advocates for a Natural Social Contract that emphasizes long-term sustainability and the general welfare of both humankind and planet Earth. Achieving this crucial balance calls for an end to unlimited economic growth, overconsumption and over-individualisation for the benefit of ourselves, our planet, and future generations. To this end, sustainability, health, and justice in all social-ecological systems will require systemic innovation and prioritizing a collective effort. The Transformative Social-Ecological Innovation (TSEI) framework presented in this book serves that cause. It helps to diagnose and advance innovation and spur change across sectors, disciplines, and at different levels of governance. Altogether, TSEI identifies intervention points and formulates jointly developed and shared solutions to inform policymakers, administrators, concerned citizens, and professionals dedicated towards a more sustainable, healthy and just society. A wide readership of students, researchers, practitioners and policy makers interested in social innovation, transition studies, development studies, social policy, social justice, climate change, environmental studies, political science and economics will find this cutting-edge book particularly useful. “As a sustainability transition researcher, I am truly excited about this book. Two unique aspects of the book are that it considers bigger transformation issues (such as societies’ relationship with nature, purpose and justice) than those studied in transition studies and offers analytical frameworks and methods for taking up the challenge of achieving change on the ground.” - Prof. Dr. René Kemp, United Nations University and Maastricht Sustainability Institute
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030671305
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 212
Book Description
This open access book is a 2022 Nautilus Gold Medal winner in the category "World Cultures' Transformational Growth & Development". It states that the societal fault lines of our times are deeply intertwined and that they confront us with challenges affecting the security, fairness and sustainability of our societies. The author, Prof. Dr. Patrick Huntjens, argues that overcoming these existential challenges will require a fundamental shift from our current anthropocentric and economic growth-oriented approach to a more ecocentric and regenerative approach. He advocates for a Natural Social Contract that emphasizes long-term sustainability and the general welfare of both humankind and planet Earth. Achieving this crucial balance calls for an end to unlimited economic growth, overconsumption and over-individualisation for the benefit of ourselves, our planet, and future generations. To this end, sustainability, health, and justice in all social-ecological systems will require systemic innovation and prioritizing a collective effort. The Transformative Social-Ecological Innovation (TSEI) framework presented in this book serves that cause. It helps to diagnose and advance innovation and spur change across sectors, disciplines, and at different levels of governance. Altogether, TSEI identifies intervention points and formulates jointly developed and shared solutions to inform policymakers, administrators, concerned citizens, and professionals dedicated towards a more sustainable, healthy and just society. A wide readership of students, researchers, practitioners and policy makers interested in social innovation, transition studies, development studies, social policy, social justice, climate change, environmental studies, political science and economics will find this cutting-edge book particularly useful. “As a sustainability transition researcher, I am truly excited about this book. Two unique aspects of the book are that it considers bigger transformation issues (such as societies’ relationship with nature, purpose and justice) than those studied in transition studies and offers analytical frameworks and methods for taking up the challenge of achieving change on the ground.” - Prof. Dr. René Kemp, United Nations University and Maastricht Sustainability Institute
Fratelli Tutti
Author: Pope Francis
Publisher: Orbis Books
ISBN: 1608338886
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 123
Book Description
Publisher: Orbis Books
ISBN: 1608338886
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 123
Book Description
Animals in Our Midst: The Challenges of Co-existing with Animals in the Anthropocene
Author: Bernice Bovenkerk
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030635236
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 574
Book Description
This Open Access book brings together authoritative voices in animal and environmental ethics, who address the many different facets of changing human-animal relationships in the Anthropocene. As we are living in complex times, the issue of how to establish meaningful relationships with other animals under Anthropocene conditions needs to be approached from a multitude of angles. This book offers the reader insight into the different discussions that exist around the topics of how we should understand animal agency, how we could take animal agency seriously in farms, urban areas and the wild, and what technologies are appropriate and morally desirable to use regarding animals. This book is of interest to both animal studies scholars and environmental ethics scholars, as well as to practitioners working with animals, such as wildlife managers, zookeepers, and conservation biologists.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030635236
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 574
Book Description
This Open Access book brings together authoritative voices in animal and environmental ethics, who address the many different facets of changing human-animal relationships in the Anthropocene. As we are living in complex times, the issue of how to establish meaningful relationships with other animals under Anthropocene conditions needs to be approached from a multitude of angles. This book offers the reader insight into the different discussions that exist around the topics of how we should understand animal agency, how we could take animal agency seriously in farms, urban areas and the wild, and what technologies are appropriate and morally desirable to use regarding animals. This book is of interest to both animal studies scholars and environmental ethics scholars, as well as to practitioners working with animals, such as wildlife managers, zookeepers, and conservation biologists.