Author: Sultan Ahmad
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Income
Languages : en
Pages : 28

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Book Description
How the Bank uses regressions to fill gaps in purchasing power parity based on estimates of per capita income.

Author: Ms.Nancy L. Wagner
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 40

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Book Description
International comparison of economic aggregates, expressed in domestic currencies, requires their conversion into a common numeraire currency such as the U.S. dollar or the SDR. Since market (or official) exchange rates are subject to fluctuations which may result in comparisons that do not reflect cross-country differences in real economic activity, it is often recommended that purchasing power parity (PPP) rates be used for conversion instead of exchange rates. It is generally agreed that PPP rates are conceptually appropriate conversion factors. However, their practical implementation raises questions regarding the quality of the PPP indices which are currently available. This paper reviews the data and methodology underlying the construction of PPP indices, with particular emphasis on the PPP-based estimates of GDP used in the Fund’s World Economic Outlook and the World Bank’s World Development Report, and examines some of the issues associated with the use of such PPP-based estimates of GDP for the Fund’s operational purposes (such as quota calculations or determination of SAF or ESAF eligibility).

Author: Ms.Anne Marie Gulde
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 50

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Book Description
Relative GDP shares are frequently used as weights in aggregations. In order to ensure that these weights reflect countries’ shares in real output, GDP data in national currencies should be converted into a common numeraire currency at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates. A review of the empirical evidence on the relationship between exchange rates and prices suggests that market (or official) exchange rates are generally poor proxies for PPP rates. The paper examines the PPP-based GDP data generated by the International Comparison Program and compares aggregations with PPP- and exchange rate-based GDP weights.

Author: Dieter Strack
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 128

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Book Description

Author: Asian Development Bank. Economics and Research Department
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789715616409
Category : Foreign exchange rates
Languages : en
Pages : 217

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Book Description
This report presents estimates of purchasing power parities (PPPs) for 23 economies participating in the 2005 International Comparison Program in Asia and the Pacific. These PPPs, disaggregated by major macroeconomic variables, enable a robust cross-country comparison as they include variables such as per capital real gross domestic product (which identifies economies that are rich); real per capita actual final consumption expenditure (which measures economic well-being); gross fixed capital formation (which reflects investment); and price level indexes (which indicates the relative cost of living by economy).

Author: Israel Borenstein
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 248

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Book Description

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 50

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Book Description

Author: David A. Robalino
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Descentralizacion
Languages : en
Pages : 20

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Book Description
Decentralization of fiscal responsibilities has emerged as a primary objective on the agendas of national governments, and international organizations alike. Yet there is little empirical evidence on the potential benefits of this intervention. The authors fill in some quantitative evidence. Using panel data on infant mortality rates, GDP per capita, and the share of public expenditures managed by local governments, they find greater fiscal decentralization is consistently associated with lower mortality rates. The results suggest that the benefits of fiscal decentralization are particularly important for poor countries. They suggest also that the positive effects of fiscal decentralization on infant mortality, are greater in institutional environments that promote political rights. Fiscal decentralization also appears to be a mechanism for improving health outcomes in environments with a high level of ethno-linguistic fractionalization, however, the benefits from fiscal decentralization tend to be smaller.

Author: Irving B. Kravis
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 288

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Book Description
The purpose of the United Nations International Comparison Project (ICP) is to compare the purchasing power of currencies and the real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of different countries. It is well known that the usual method of converting the GDPs of different countries to a common currency, usually U.S. dollars, at existing exchange rates is misleading because exchange rates do not necessarily reflect the purchasing power of currencies. The ICP has found that the purchasing power of a country's currency over GDP can be as much as three times its dollar exchange rate, and thus the real GDP per capita is three times the value shown in an exchange-rate conversion. The unsatisfactory nature of exchange-rate conversions has become even clearer in the past few years under the new regime of managed floating rates. Changes in exchange rates of as much as 20 percent within the space of a year have not been unusual even among major currencies.

Author: Branko Milanovi?
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Equality
Languages : en
Pages : 70

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Book Description
"Inequality in world income is very high, according to household surveys, more because of differences between mean country incomes than because of inequality within countries. World inequality increased between 1988 and 1993, driven by slower growth in rural per capita incomes in populous Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, and India) than in large, rich OECD countries, and by increasing income differences between urban China on the one hand and rural China and rural India on the other"--Cover.