Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Spatially distributed regional scale models of glacier melt are required to assess the potential impacts of climate change on glacier response and proglacial streamflow. The objective of this study was to address the challenges associated with regional scale modelling of glacier melt, specifically by (1) developing methods for estimating regional fields of the meteorological variables required to run melt models, and (2) testing models with a range of complexity against observed snow and ice melt at four glaciers in the southern Coast Mountains, ranging in size from a small cirque glacier to a large valley glacier. Near-surface air temperature and humidity measured over four glaciers in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia were compared to ambient values estimated from a regional network of off-glacier weather stations. Systematic differences between measured and ambient conditions represent the effects of katabatic flow, and were modelled as a function of flow path length calculated from glacier digital elevation models. Near-surface wind speeds were classified as either katabatic or channelled, and were modelled based on Prandtl flow (for katabatic winds) or gradient wind speeds. Models for atmospheric transmissivity, snow and ice albedo, and incoming longwave radiation were tested and developed from observations of incident and reflected shortwave radiation and incoming longwave radiation. Data from a regional climate network were used to run a degree-day model, a radiation-indexed degree-day model, a simple energy balance model (including tuned parameters for turbulent exchange) and two full energy balance models (incorporating stability corrections, with and without corrections for katabatic effects on air temperature and humidity). Modelled melt was compared to mass balance measurements of seasonal snow and ice melt. Models were also compared based on their ability to predict date of snow disappearance, given an initial snowpack water equivalence.
Author: Andrew Hugh MacDougall Publisher: ISBN: Category : Glaciers Languages : en Pages : 374
Book Description
Modelling melt from glaciers is crucial to assessing regional hydrology and eustatic sea-level rise. To investigate melt-model transferability, a distributed energy-balance melt model (DEBM) is applied to two glaciers of opposing aspects in the Donjek Range of the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon Territory, Canada. An analysis is conducted in four stages to assess the transferability of the DEBM in space and time: (1) locally derived model parameter values and meteorological forcing variables are used to assess model skill; (2) model parameter values are transferred between glacier sites and between years of study; (3) measured meteorological forcing variables are transferred between glaciers, using locally derived parameter values; (4) both model parameter values and measured meteorological forcing variables are transferred from one glacier site to the other, treating the second glacier site as an extension of the first. The model has high transferability in time, but has limited transferability in space.
Author: J. Oerlemans Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9026518137 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 168
Book Description
This text brings together meteorology and the theory of glacier flow, providing a fundamental understanding of how glaciers respond to climate change. Attention is paid to the microclimate of glaciers and the physical processes regulating the exchange of energy and mass between glacier surface and atmosphere. Simple analytical and numerical models are used to: · investigate glaciers sensitivity to climate change · estimate response times · make an interpretation of historical glacier records · assess the contribution of glacier melt to sea-level rise Modern developments in glacier research, including satellite measurements are discussed in detail, making this a valuable reference source.
Author: Rao Kotamarthi Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1108587062 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 213
Book Description
Downscaling is a widely used technique for translating information from large-scale climate models to the spatial and temporal scales needed to assess local and regional climate impacts, vulnerability, risk and resilience. This book is a comprehensive guide to the downscaling techniques used for climate data. A general introduction of the science of climate modeling is followed by a discussion of techniques, models and methodologies used for producing downscaled projections, and the advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties of each. The book provides detailed information on dynamic and statistical downscaling techniques in non-technical language, as well as recommendations for selecting suitable downscaled datasets for different applications. The use of downscaled climate data in national and international assessments is also discussed using global examples. This is a practical guide for graduate students and researchers working on climate impacts and adaptation, as well as for policy makers and practitioners interested in climate risk and resilience.
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9781009157971 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 755
Book Description
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Author: Brett A. Wheler Publisher: ISBN: Category : Glaciers Languages : en Pages : 568
Book Description
Toward addressing the challenges associated with regional glacier melt modelling, I investigate the physical mechanisms of glacier melt using energy balance models, then test empirical temperature-index melt models for regional applications. First, five energy balance models are applied to two glaciers in the Donjek Range, St. Ẽlias Mountains in order to quantify the differences between various treatments of the glacier surface temperature and subsurface heat flux. A model that assumes a constant 0°C surface temperature overestimates cumulative melt by 9{u2013}13%, but a simple model that computes surface temperatures from the residual of the energy balance yields significant improvement. Second, I evaluate the transferability of spatially-distributed temperature-index melt models through the application of calibrated model parameters to periods and locations that differ from those used for calibration. Results show that the calibrated model parameters can be transferred between the study glaciers with minimal reductions in skill.
Author: Gopinadh Rongali Publisher: ISBN: 9785667417637 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
As we know, snow is one of the forms of precipitation; however, hydrologist treats it differently due to the temporal difference between the time of its fall and the time of its runoff, groundwater recharge, and the fact that it is a part of various hydrological processes. The hydrological point of view in relation with the snow is mostly considered in middle to high latitudes and mountainous regions, where often melt period sometimes lasts for months following seasonal accumulation of snowpack. During this accumulation period, there is a very small amount or no snow melt. Precipitation (sometimes rain) falls and is temporarily retained as snowpack until the melt season starts. It is mandatory for the hydrology to record how much amount of water is collected in a basin in the form of snow. For a better knowledge of the hydrology of mountainous terrain, detailed assessment of the areal distribution of snow, its quality, and the presence of liquid water in it is also necessary. All of these snow indications are difficult to quantify and measure, and they will most certainly differ from one location to the next. Remote sensing (RS) provides a new tool for obtaining snow data for predicting snow and glacier melt runoff. Researchers have manually collected snow data manually through snow- related courses, which are labor-intensive, expensive, and potentially dangerous. Even when accessible, snow course data represents simply a location in the region and can only be used as an index of the available snow water content. Despite the fact that measurements are considered automated, the difficulty of a single point measurement or observation of snow being typical of a broader area or basin persists. It is one of the most easily identifiable forms of water resources utilising aerial photography or satellite imaging in the case of remotely sensed snow data. Satellite systems can currently only determine the area covered by snow, the depth of the snow, and the snow water equivalent; physical snow parameters cannot be monitored directly by these satellite systems. The considerable amount of freshwater has been present in the nature in snow and glacier form in the River basins which are, in most of the cases, located in high mountainous areas. Many other water resources like lakes, Rivers, streams etc. are fed by the outflow of water from these glaciers. The estimated glacier area in the world has about 14.9 x 10⁶ km2, which is approximately 10% of the overall land area present on the earth (Singh and Singh, 2001). Although just 3% of this snow is scattered over mountainous regions on many continents and even beyond the polar regions, it serves a critical role in delivering water to the majority of the world's population. It has been observed that the Himalayan mountains have a big contribution in freshwater supply globally. Major Rivers present in south Asia certainly originate from the Himalayan mountain systems. Among them, the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra are said to be the lifeline of the Indian sub-continent. Snow and glacier melt runoff also contribute to the Himalayan Rivers flow.
Author: Christian Huggel Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1107065844 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 377
Book Description
This book provides a definitive overview of the global drivers of high-mountain cryosphere change and their implications for people across high-mountain regions.
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II. Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521634557 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 532
Book Description
Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Author: 
Author: Andrew Hugh MacDougall
Author: J. Oerlemans
Author: David Parkes
Author: Rao Kotamarthi
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Author: Brett A. Wheler
Author: Gopinadh Rongali
Author: Christian Huggel
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II.