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Author: Hui Pu Publisher: ISBN: 9781124890203 Category : Enhanced oil recovery Languages : en Pages : 279
Book Description
The importance of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technologies cannot be overemphasized, especially in the context of the surge in energy demand driven by rapid economic growth in developing countries as people strive to improve their living standards. Getting higher oil recovery from existing fields will be a key part of meeting the world's growing demand for energy. In the past decade, injection of brines of low salinity content and selected ionic composition in sandstone reservoirs has been developed into an emerging EOR technology. The advantage of low salinity waterflooding is that it is operationally comparable to conventional waterflooding and does not require expensive chemicals or carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The complexity of the crude oil/brine/rock interactions is well recognized and the mechanisms behind the low salinity EOR process have been debated in the literature for the last decade. The objective of this work is to explore by experimental study the effect of low salinity waterflooding on different outcrop and reservoir cores. Investigation of increased oil recovery by injection of low salinity water such as coalbed methane production water has been extended to reservoir cores from the Tensleep, Minnelusa and Phosphoria formations in Wyoming and outcrop cores (Berea and Bentheim). The Tensleep and Minnelusa formations are eolian sandstones of comparable depositional environment that contain interstitial anhydrite, dolomite and occasional calcite cements. The Phosphoria dolomite has pin-point to coarse vuggy pores lined by sparry dolomite crystals and also features patches of anhydrite. All the cores taken from pay zones showed increased oil recovery ranging from 5 to 8% original oil in place through injection of low salinity water. Increase in sulfate ion content of the effluent brine confirmed the dissolution of anhydrite, for all three reservoir rock types. Proposed mechanisms of recovery by low salinity flooding of sandstones which are tied to the presence of clay cannot apply because none of these rocks have significant clay content. Further evidence of the role of anhydrite dissolution was provided by the recovery behavior of Tensleep cores taken from the water-saturated aquifer zone of an oil reservoir. Anhydrite cement was sparse and only visible in occluded regions of pore space but not in regions that were clearly permeable. For these cores, there was no additional oil recovery when the injected brine was switched to low salinity water. The release of dolomite crystals and other fine embedded minerals which is likely associated with dissolution of anhydrite, may be a factor in the observed response to low salinity waterflooding. The movement of cement components is a possible contributing factor in the wide variety of observed relationships between pressure drop and oil recovery. For example, significant variation of relative permeability to brine at constant saturation is often observed.
Author: Hui Pu Publisher: ISBN: 9781124890203 Category : Enhanced oil recovery Languages : en Pages : 279
Book Description
The importance of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technologies cannot be overemphasized, especially in the context of the surge in energy demand driven by rapid economic growth in developing countries as people strive to improve their living standards. Getting higher oil recovery from existing fields will be a key part of meeting the world's growing demand for energy. In the past decade, injection of brines of low salinity content and selected ionic composition in sandstone reservoirs has been developed into an emerging EOR technology. The advantage of low salinity waterflooding is that it is operationally comparable to conventional waterflooding and does not require expensive chemicals or carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The complexity of the crude oil/brine/rock interactions is well recognized and the mechanisms behind the low salinity EOR process have been debated in the literature for the last decade. The objective of this work is to explore by experimental study the effect of low salinity waterflooding on different outcrop and reservoir cores. Investigation of increased oil recovery by injection of low salinity water such as coalbed methane production water has been extended to reservoir cores from the Tensleep, Minnelusa and Phosphoria formations in Wyoming and outcrop cores (Berea and Bentheim). The Tensleep and Minnelusa formations are eolian sandstones of comparable depositional environment that contain interstitial anhydrite, dolomite and occasional calcite cements. The Phosphoria dolomite has pin-point to coarse vuggy pores lined by sparry dolomite crystals and also features patches of anhydrite. All the cores taken from pay zones showed increased oil recovery ranging from 5 to 8% original oil in place through injection of low salinity water. Increase in sulfate ion content of the effluent brine confirmed the dissolution of anhydrite, for all three reservoir rock types. Proposed mechanisms of recovery by low salinity flooding of sandstones which are tied to the presence of clay cannot apply because none of these rocks have significant clay content. Further evidence of the role of anhydrite dissolution was provided by the recovery behavior of Tensleep cores taken from the water-saturated aquifer zone of an oil reservoir. Anhydrite cement was sparse and only visible in occluded regions of pore space but not in regions that were clearly permeable. For these cores, there was no additional oil recovery when the injected brine was switched to low salinity water. The release of dolomite crystals and other fine embedded minerals which is likely associated with dissolution of anhydrite, may be a factor in the observed response to low salinity waterflooding. The movement of cement components is a possible contributing factor in the wide variety of observed relationships between pressure drop and oil recovery. For example, significant variation of relative permeability to brine at constant saturation is often observed.
Author: Ramez Masoud Azmy Nasralla Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Injection of low-salinity water showed high potentials in improving oil recovery when compared to high-salinity water. However, the optimum water salinity and conditions are uncertain, due to the lack of understanding the mechanisms of fluid-rock interactions. The main objective of this study is to examine the potential and efficiency of low-salinity water in secondary and tertiary oil recovery for sandstone reservoirs. Similarly, this study aims to help in understanding the dominant mechanisms that aid in improving oil recovery by low-salinity waterflooding. Furthermore, the impact of cation type in injected brines on oil recovery was investigated. Coreflood experiments were conducted to determine the effect of water salinity and chemistry on oil recovery in the secondary and tertiary modes. The contact angle technique was used to study the impact of water salinity and composition on rock wettability. Moreover, the zeta potential at oil/brine and brine/rock interfaces was measured to explain the mechanism causing rock wettability alteration and improving oil recovery. Deionized water and different brines (from 500 to 174,000 mg/l), as well as single cation solutions were tested. Two types of crude oil with different properties and composition were used. Berea sandstone cores were utilized in the coreflood experiments. Coreflood tests indicated that injection of deionized water in the secondary mode resulted in significant oil recovery, up to 22% improvement, compared to seawater flooding. However, no more oil was recovered in the tertiary mode. In addition, injection of NaCl solution increased the oil recovery compared to injection of CaCl2 or MgCl2 at the same concentration. Contact angle results demonstrated that low-salinity water has an impact on the rock wettability; the more reduction in water salinity, the more a water-wet rock surface is produced. In addition, NaCl solutions made the rock more water-wet compared to CaCl2 or MgCl2 at the same concentration. Low-salinity water and NaCl solutions showed a highly negative charge at rock/brine and oil/brine interfaces by zeta potential measurements, which results in greater repulsive forces between the oil and rock surface. This leads to double-layer expansion and water-wet systems. These results demonstrate that the double-layer expansion is a primary mechanism of improving oil recovery when water chemical composition is manipulated. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149468
Author: Nadia Ariani Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 98
Book Description
"The lack of a single reasonable general mechanism to describe how low-salinity waterflooding can improve oil recovery in both laboratory and field pilot projects has increased the interests of many researchers and stakeholders. There has not been observed the relationship of formation brine salinity and injected brine salinity to see how much salinity is reduced to produce the maximum enhanced oil recovery by LSWF. There is no guidance in what EOR stage the LSWF is best implemented. This work collects data from various published literature to develop a comprehensive data set regarding low-salinity waterflooding in sandstone reservoirs. The LSWF mechanisms are discussed to gain better understanding of the LSWF effect on oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs. The data set consists of parameters from coreflooding experiments that involved core samples, crude oil, and brines from different places. Histograms and box plots are used to visualize various kinds of data, and cross plots and charts are used to analyze the relationship between the important parameters and oil recovery. This study revealed the complexity of LSWF mechanisms and the corresponding parameters in the COBR system that associate with this process. The effects of rock porosity and permeability, total clay content, core aging temperature, COBR wettability, initial water saturation, oil base/acid ratio, asphaltenes content, formation and injected brine salinity and composition on the enhanced oil recovery are discussed in both secondary and tertiary LSWF modes. The applicability of parameters affecting the LSWF process are summarized. It is also observed the relationship between formation brine salinity and how much injected brine salinity was reduced or diluted to produce the maximum incremental secondary and additional tertiary recovery. Finally, in comparison to the conventional waterflooding, the final recovery from all of the LSWF stages are higher than the one of the conventional waterflooding, and the secondary+tertiary EOR stage produces the highest final recovery"--Abstract, page iii.
Author: Emad Walid Al Shalabi Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing ISBN: 0128136057 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 179
Book Description
Low Salinity and Engineered Water Injection for Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs provides a first of its kind review of the low salinity and engineered water injection (LSWI/EWI) techniques for today’s more complex enhanced oil recovery methods. Reservoir engineers today are challenged in the design and physical mechanisms behind low salinity injection projects, and to date, the research is currently only located in numerous journal locations. This reference helps readers overcome these challenging issues with explanations on models, experiments, mechanism analysis, and field applications involved in low salinity and engineered water. Covering significant laboratory, numerical, and field studies, lessons learned are also highlighted along with key areas for future research in this fast-growing area of the oil and gas industry. After an introduction to its techniques, the initial chapters review the main experimental findings and explore the mechanisms behind the impact of LSWI/EWI on oil recovery. The book then moves on to the critical area of modeling and simulation, discusses the geochemistry of LSWI/EWI processes, and applications of LSWI/EWI techniques in the field, including the authors’ own recommendations based on their extensive experience. It is an essential reference for professional reservoir and field engineers, researchers and students working on LSWI/EWI and seeking to apply these methods for increased oil recovery. Teaches users how to understand the various mechanisms contributing to incremental oil recovery using low salinity and engineering water injection (LSWI/EWI) in sandstones and carbonates Balances guidance between designing laboratory experiments, to applying the LSWI/EWI techniques at both pilot-scale and full-field-scale for real-world operations Presents state-of-the-art approaches to simulation and modeling of LSWI/EWI
Author: mohamed magdy Publisher: محمد مجدي ISBN: Category : Antiques & Collectibles Languages : en Pages : 107
Book Description
Surface chemistry has a great effect in enhancing oil recovery. For oil-wet sandstone reservoirs, low salinity waterflooding (LSWF) is effective as it can alter rock wettability and reduce the oil/water interfacial tension. LSWF application is related to rock’s clay content and type. Clay hydrocarbon bonding can be formed through many mechanisms such as van deer waals forces and ionic bridge. LSWF effect is to weaken these bonds through two main mechanisms, Double Layer Expansion (DLE) and Multicomponent Ionic Exchange (MIE). Two fields (S and D), in Egypt’s Western Desert, have depleted strongly oil-wet reservoirs with similar rock and fluid properties. Field (S) is flooded by low salinity water (LSW), while Field (D) is flooded by high salinity water (HSW). Fortunately, the water source for Field (S) flooding is a LSW zone, which has a salinity +/- 5000 ppm as total dissolved solids (TDS). The formation water salinity was +/- 25,000 ppm as TDS. Field (S) lab experiments showed good compatibility between injected LSW, formation water and rock minerals. XRD and SEM indicate calcareous cementation with detrital clays content around 5%. Kaolinite is the common clay type, which has a low cation exchange capacity. For Field (S), the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) is 46%, while EUR for Field (D) is 39%. One of the main causes of this increase in Field (S) is LSWF application.
Author: Hasan N. Al-Saedi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 199
Book Description
"Ever growing global energy demand and the natural decline in oil production from mature oil fields have been the main incentives to search for methods to increase recovery efficiency for several decades. Water flooding is extensively applied worldwide to improve oil recovery. The recent drop in oil prices has turned the oil industry to the cheapest improved oil recovery (IOR) techniques, such as low salinity (LS) waterflooding. Also, the reduction in reservoir energy and the friendly environmental aspects of low salinity water flooding (LSWF) provide additional incentives for its use. That LS water requires decreasing only the active divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and water salinity makes LS water flooding a relatively simple and low expense IOR technique. The water chemistry significantly impacts the oil recovery factor. Wettability is one of the major parameters that control the efficiency of water flooding. The primary mechanism for increased oil recovery during LSWF in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs is wettability alteration of the rock surface from oil-wet to water-wet. LS water imbibed into the low water-wet zones, the water wetness of the rock increased after injecting LS water, and in turn, microscopic sweep efficiency enhanced too. The mechanism behind LS water flooding has been extensively investigated in the literature but it still a topic of debate. The objective of this research is to solve the controversy and show the following: (1) Water chemistry weather partially or strongly determines the dominant wettability alteration mode. (2) The role of divalent cations in the formation water and in the injected water. (3) Clay's role for incremental recovery. This research work seeks to quantify the effects of mineral composition and water chemistry on water-rock interactions and wettability alteration"--Abstract, page
Author: G. Paul Willhite Publisher: ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 358
Book Description
Waterflooding begins with understanding the basic principles of immiscible displacement, then presents a systematic procedure for designing a waterflood.
Author: Colin McPhee Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0444636579 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 853
Book Description
Core Analysis: A Best Practice Guide is a practical guide to the design of core analysis programs. Written to address the need for an updated set of recommended practices covering special core analysis and geomechanics tests, the book also provides unique insights into data quality control diagnosis and data utilization in reservoir models. The book's best practices and procedures benefit petrophysicists, geoscientists, reservoir engineers, and production engineers, who will find useful information on core data in reservoir static and dynamic models. It provides a solid understanding of the core analysis procedures and methods used by commercial laboratories, the details of lab data reporting required to create quality control tests, and the diagnostic plots and protocols that can be used to identify suspect or erroneous data. Provides a practical overview of core analysis, from coring at the well site to laboratory data acquisition and interpretation Defines current best practice in core analysis preparation and test procedures, and the diagnostic tools used to quality control core data Provides essential information on design of core analysis programs and to judge the quality and reliability of core analysis data ultimately used in reservoir evaluation Of specific interest to those working in core analysis, porosity, relative permeability, and geomechanics
Author: James J.Sheng Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing ISBN: 0123865468 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 710
Book Description
Enhanced Oil Recovery Field Case Studies bridges the gap between theory and practice in a range of real-world EOR settings. Areas covered include steam and polymer flooding, use of foam, in situ combustion, microorganisms, "smart water"-based EOR in carbonates and sandstones, and many more. Oil industry professionals know that the key to a successful enhanced oil recovery project lies in anticipating the differences between plans and the realities found in the field. This book aids that effort, providing valuable case studies from more than 250 EOR pilot and field applications in a variety of oil fields. The case studies cover practical problems, underlying theoretical and modeling methods, operational parameters, solutions and sensitivity studies, and performance optimization strategies, benefitting academicians and oil company practitioners alike. Strikes an ideal balance between theory and practice Focuses on practical problems, underlying theoretical and modeling methods, and operational parameters Designed for technical professionals, covering the fundamental as well as the advanced aspects of EOR
Author: Nina Loahardjo Publisher: ISBN: 9781109578591 Category : Oil field brines Languages : en Pages : 331
Book Description
Waterflooding is by far the most commonly applied method of increasing oil recovery over that given by primary production. Reservoir wettability has been shown to be a key factor in determining the microscopic displacement efficiency in the swept regions of a waterflood. Reservoir wettability depends on complex crude oil/brine/rock (COBR) interactions. Numerous laboratory investigations and a growing number of pilot field studies show that oil recovery can be improved by injection of low salinity brine. This thesis includes study of the effect of low salinity flooding on oil recovery for selected reservoirs. Observations on the reproducibility of oil recovery behavior led to development of a new approach to improved oil recovery based on repeated waterflooding without change in brine composition. Laboratory studies indicated that the presence of the crude/oil interface was essential to oil recovery by sequential waterflooding. Crude properties have been measured for 27 crude oils. The oils were characterized according to density, viscosity, refractive index, surface tension, acid and base numbers, composition and vapor pressure. The effects of pH and salinity on interfacial tension were determined for a wide range of crude oils derived from both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. A large majority of the oils exhibited low interfacial tensions at both low and high pH. For the selected COBR reservoir combinations, increase in oil recovery by low salinity waterflooding was often, but not always observed. The cost of recovering cores from a reservoir is very high. Furthermore, reservoir heterogeneity often limits the number of core samples that can be used in duplicate experiments. After testing, reservoir cores were therefore cleaned and reused. For a core that showed large response to reduction in injection brine salinity, it was found that the initial recovery, first measured for seawater, could not be reproduced, with recovery still being close to that given by the brine of lowest salinity. As a test of reproducibility, cores that had been waterflooded with high salinity brine were taken back to initial water saturation by oil flooding and re-flooded without change in the injection brine composition. For 15 out of 18 tests that included both sandstone and limestone, residual oil saturation decreased from one flood to the next. Reductions in residual oil saturation were not observed for recovery of refined oil. Material balances for sequential flooding were checked against Dean-Stark extraction and by tracer tests. The overall trend of reduction in residual oil saturation was confirmed by MRI imaging of changes in saturation distribution during sequential floods. Further investigation of this new approach to tertiary recovery is proposed through relatively low-cost single-well field tests.
Author: Hui Pu
Author: Hui Pu
Author: Ramez Masoud Azmy Nasralla
Author: Nadia Ariani
Author: Emad Walid Al Shalabi
Author: mohamed magdy
Author: Hasan N. Al-Saedi
Author: G. Paul Willhite
Author: Colin McPhee
Author: James J.Sheng
Author: Nina Loahardjo