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Author: Lindsay Sara Mcmenemy Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Plants come under attack by a variety of organisms, including insects and pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses. Plant viruses can interact indirectly with their vectors by inducing changes to plant chemistry which may alter its attractiveness as a host for herbivore vectors. Using red raspberry as a study system, this study aimed to investigate the host plant mediated interactions occurring between the large raspberry aphid, Amphorophora idaei, and two of the viruses that it transmits, Black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV) and Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV). In whole plant bioassays, BRNV and RLMV-infected plants were shown to be initially more attractive to A. idaei and aphids remained on the initially selected host plant for a period of approximately 30 minutes. In addition, A. idaei took three days longer to reach reproductive maturity compared with those feeding on non-infected plants, suggesting a virally-induced manipulation of aphid behaviour whereby a deceptive attraction of the vector to a host plant found to be nutritionally poor, presumably acts to promote virus transmission. Investigations of the underlying plant chemistry revealed that raspberry viruses may be capable of facilitating aphid feeding by reducing leaf phenolic concentration when aphids are feeding and that infection with BRNV and RLMV resulted in significantly elevated levels of carbon and free amino acids in the leaves. While increased concentrations of amino acids might be expected to promote aphid performance, the amino acid composition was dominated by glutamate (77% of total content of infected plants), a previously suggested indicator of reduced host-plant suitability for aphids. Volatile entrainments from virus-infected plants showed elevated levels of the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Bioassays subsequently revealed that this compound acted as an aphid attractant at a concentration of 50 ng ml-1 but that aphid behaviour was unaffected by lower concentrations. The combined utilisation of PCR diagnostics developed from newly sequenced viral genomes and the implementation of a non-invasive, targeted method of sampling plant headspace volatiles enabled this study to provide novel insights into the nature of host plant mediated interactions between aphids and the viral pathogens that they transmit.
Author: Lindsay Sara Mcmenemy Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Plants come under attack by a variety of organisms, including insects and pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses. Plant viruses can interact indirectly with their vectors by inducing changes to plant chemistry which may alter its attractiveness as a host for herbivore vectors. Using red raspberry as a study system, this study aimed to investigate the host plant mediated interactions occurring between the large raspberry aphid, Amphorophora idaei, and two of the viruses that it transmits, Black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV) and Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV). In whole plant bioassays, BRNV and RLMV-infected plants were shown to be initially more attractive to A. idaei and aphids remained on the initially selected host plant for a period of approximately 30 minutes. In addition, A. idaei took three days longer to reach reproductive maturity compared with those feeding on non-infected plants, suggesting a virally-induced manipulation of aphid behaviour whereby a deceptive attraction of the vector to a host plant found to be nutritionally poor, presumably acts to promote virus transmission. Investigations of the underlying plant chemistry revealed that raspberry viruses may be capable of facilitating aphid feeding by reducing leaf phenolic concentration when aphids are feeding and that infection with BRNV and RLMV resulted in significantly elevated levels of carbon and free amino acids in the leaves. While increased concentrations of amino acids might be expected to promote aphid performance, the amino acid composition was dominated by glutamate (77% of total content of infected plants), a previously suggested indicator of reduced host-plant suitability for aphids. Volatile entrainments from virus-infected plants showed elevated levels of the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Bioassays subsequently revealed that this compound acted as an aphid attractant at a concentration of 50 ng ml-1 but that aphid behaviour was unaffected by lower concentrations. The combined utilisation of PCR diagnostics developed from newly sequenced viral genomes and the implementation of a non-invasive, targeted method of sampling plant headspace volatiles enabled this study to provide novel insights into the nature of host plant mediated interactions between aphids and the viral pathogens that they transmit.
Author: Danielle Lightle Publisher: ISBN: Category : Amphorophora Languages : en Pages : 105
Book Description
In recent years, red raspberry production in Washington and British Columbia has been severely limited by a newly emerged virus complex that causes symptoms of crumbly fruit. The complex is comprised of three viruses: Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV) and Raspberry latent virus (RpLV). Both RLMV and RpLV are transmitted by the aphid Amphorophora agathonica Hottes. The objectives of this work were to monitor seasonal phenology of A. agathonica and study the aphids' behavior on infected plants as well as resistant red and black raspberry cultivars. The lower developmental threshold of A. agathonica was calculated to be 2.7°C and field populations in northern Washington began increasing rapidly at approximately 800 growing degree days and peaked at approximately 1000 degree days. Evaluations of aphid performance on infected plants revealed that single infection plants (RLMV or RpLV) and co-infected plants (RLMV+RpLV) significantly increased aphid longevity over the healthy controls, while the co-infected plants also significantly increased aphid fecundity. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) studies of A. agathonica feeding behavior showed no differences in feeding between healthy and infected plants. However, EPG studies revealed two distinct mechanisms of resistance against A. agathonica in red and black raspberry. The red raspberry resistance gene Ag1 results in extended periods of salivation in the phloem sieve elements with little subsequent phloem ingestion, a behavior commonly associated with plant defense mechanisms related to a phloem recognition factor. Three novel aphid-resistant black raspberry selections were also studied. Aphids feeding on the resistant black raspberries were unlikely to salivate in the phloem sieve elements, which may point to a mechanism that causes aphids to be unable to recognize when they have punctured the sieve elements. Overall, this research discovered new information about A. agathonica biology, feeding behavior, and interactions with viruses that can be incorporated into future management strategies.
Author: Scott N. Johnson Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119070902 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 412
Book Description
Invertebrates perform such vital roles in global ecosystems—and so strongly influence human wellbeing—that biologist E.O. Wilson was prompted to describe them as “little things that run the world.” As they are such powerful shapers of the world around us, their response to global climate change is also pivotal in meeting myriad challenges looming on the horizon—everything from food security and biodiversity to human disease control. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the latest scientific knowledge and contemporary theory relating to global climate change and terrestrial invertebrates. Featuring contributions from top international experts, this book explores how changes to invertebrate populations will affect human decision making processes across a number of crucial issues, including agriculture, disease control, conservation planning, and resource allocation. Topics covered include methodologies and approaches to predict invertebrate responses, outcomes for disease vectors and ecosystem service providers, underlying mechanisms for community level responses to global climate change, evolutionary consequences and likely effects on interactions among organisms, and many more. Timely and thought-provoking, Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates offers illuminating insights into the profound influence the simplest of organisms may have on the very future of our fragile world.
Author: Diego F. Quito-Avila Publisher: ISBN: Category : Closteroviruses Languages : en Pages : 138
Book Description
The United States is the third-largest producer of raspberries in the world. Washington State leads the nation in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production. 'Meeker', the most grown red raspberry cultivar in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon and British Columbia, Canada) is highly susceptible to Raspberry crumbly fruit, a virusinduced disease that produces drupelet abortion and reduces fruit quality and yield. The disease has long been attributed to Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), a pollen-and-seed transmitted virus found in most commercial raspberry fields around the world. In recent years, an increased severity of crumbly fruit was observed in areas where two additional viruses were common. One of these viruses, Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV), was characterized recently and shown to be a novel closterovirus transmitted by the large raspberry aphid Amphorophora agathonica Hottes. The second virus, Raspberry latent virus (RpLV) was a tentative member of the family Reoviridae whose characterization remained to be completed. To investigate the role of these two new viruses in the crumbly fruit disorder, 'Meeker' raspberry infected with single or mixtures of the three viruses, in all possible combinations, were generated by graft inoculation. Eight treatments, including a virus free control, were planted in the field at the Northwestern Research and Extension Center in Mt. Vernon, WA. Plant growth and fruit crumbliness were evaluated during establishment and the second year. Simultaneously, the characterization of RpLV, at the genetic and biological level, was completed. RpLV is a novel member of the plant Reoviridae composed of 26,128 nucleotides divided into 10 genomic dsRNA segments. Analysis of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) indicated that RpLV was related most closely to members of the genus Oryzavirus. However, the genomic terminal regions, conserved at the genus level in reoviruses, did not show homology to those of oryzaviruses, suggesting that RpLV may be a member of a new genus. It was found later, that RpLV was transmitted by A. agathonica. As all other plant reoviruses are transmitted by leaf- and planthoppers, these findings strongly support the creation of a new genus in the plant Reoviridae for the classification of RpLV. Real-time quantification of viral titers in single or mixed infections revealed that the titer of RBDV was enhanced ~400-fold when the virus was found in coinfections with RLMV. Interestingly, plants co-infected with these two viruses showed significant reduction in plant growth during the establishment and second year. Crumbly fruit was more severe in plants infected with the three viruses compared to the virus-free control. Taken together, this work presents valuable information about the interactions between three important raspberry viruses and their effect on plant growth and fruit crumbliness in 'Meeker', the most important red raspberry cultivar in the Pacific Northwest.
Author: Véronique Plante Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
In agriculture, viral pathogens are a major concern for farmers in terms of reduction of crop quality and yield. Raspberries, part of the genus Rubus genus (Rosaceae), have an important economic role in Canada. However, raspberry bushes are susceptible to numerous viral infections. Insects are the primary vectors for plant virus transmission with aphids being responsible for the transmission of over 50 % of viruses. The large raspberry aphid, Amphorophora agathonica, is responsible for the transmission of the raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV), the Rubus yellow net virus (RYNV) and the raspberry latent virus (RpLV). When present in combination, these viruses form a viral complex called raspberry mosaic disease (RMD) which induces severe symptoms in infected plants that has been linked to synergistic interaction. Several methods have been successful in eliminating viruses from plants including meristem tip culture, thermotherapy, chemotherapy and cryotherapy. However, there is still no clear evidence if synergistic activity affects the efficacy of these treatment. In this study, I aimed to shed light on synergistic interactions between viruses involved in the RMD viral complex on infected raspberry plants treated with thermotherapy, chemotherapy, cryotherapy and their combinations. To test for the presence of raspberry viruses, I optimized a one-step RT-qPCR on crude plant extract for rapid screening and a two-step RT-qPCR using RNA for individual testing. In vitro raspberry cultures were subjected to shoot tip dissection followed by thermotherapy, chemotherapy, cryotherapy or their combination, then a second meristem dissection post-treatment. Virus screening was done on leaf-petiole crude extracts using a one-step RT-qPCR. Results show that RLMV and RpLV can be eliminated using meristem-tip culture when they are present in single infection. RYNV was not eliminated from any of the plants infected with multiple viruses. RYNV is part of the Badnaviruses genus, which are known to integrate into their host's genome. qPCR is not able to distinguish the presence of viruses in their episomal or endogenous forms.
Author: Helmut F van Emden Publisher: CABI ISBN: 1780647093 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 716
Book Description
Aphids are among the major global pest groups, causing serious economic damage to many food and commodity crops in most parts of the world. This revision and update of the well-received first edition published ten years ago reflects the expansion of research in genomics, endosymbionts and semiochemicals, as well as the shift from control of aphids with insecticides to a more integrated approach imposed by increasing resistance in the aphids and government restrictions on pesticides. The book remains a comprehensive and up-to-date reference work on the biology of aphids, the various methods of controlling them and the progress of integrated pest management as illustrated by ten case histories.
Author: Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128027630 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 350
Book Description
The first review series in virology and published since 1953, Advances in Virus Research covers a diverse range of in-depth reviews, providing a valuable overview of the field. The series of eclectic volumes are valuable resources to virologists, microbiologists, immunologists, molecular biologists, pathologists, and plant researchers. Volume 91 features articles on control of plant virus diseases. Contributions from leading authorities Comprehensive reviews for general and specialist use First and longest-running review series in virology
Author: R. L. Blackman Publisher: Wiley ISBN: 9780471489733 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Aphids are well-known as pests of agriculture, horticulture and forestry, but they are also one of the most biologically interesting groups of plant-feeding insects, and thus have attracted the attention of biologists in many research fields such as ecology, biodiversity, physiology, behaviour and genetics. Following the successful format of previous books on the world's aphids by the same authors, these two volumes provide a comprehensive species-by-species account of the aphids on the world's herbaceous plants and shrubs. They can be used not only as an identification guide and information source for entomologists and taxonomists throughout the world, but also as a unique database for studies of biodiversity and insect-plant relationships. In all, 3120 aphid species in 340 genera are covered, feeding on 2150 genera of host plants. Volume 1 features comprehensive host lists and keys to the aphids colonizing each plant genus. This information is supplemented in Volume 2 by a systematic account of all the aphid species, which provides information on their appearance in life, host range, geographical distribution and life cycles. There are 357 original line drawings, 252 photographs of slide-mounted specimens and 1000 references. Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs is the culmination of many years of work by two leading specialists and provides an essential research tool and standard reference work for entomologists in universities and research institutes throughout the world.
Author: Lindsay Sara Mcmenemy
Author: Lindsay Sara Mcmenemy
Author: Danielle Lightle
Author: Scott N. Johnson
Author: Diego F. Quito-Avila
Author: Claude Charles Bernier
Author: Trisna Dewi Tungadi
Author: Véronique Plante
Author: Helmut F van Emden
Author: 
Author: R. L. Blackman