Quantification and Modeling of Black Carbon Exposure for Seattle Commuters PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Quantification and Modeling of Black Carbon Exposure for Seattle Commuters PDF full book. Access full book title Quantification and Modeling of Black Carbon Exposure for Seattle Commuters by Brooke Reynolds. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Brooke Reynolds Publisher: ISBN: Category : Commuters Languages : en Pages : 5
Book Description
Background: Exposure to traffic-related air pollution may be elevated during commute trips, but could vary with different transportation microenvironments and commuting behavior. Given the variety of commute options available within urban settings, understanding the potential differences in exposures for different commuter choices has potential implications for health, and may inform individual commuter choices and transportation strategies to reduce exposures. Methods: Black carbon concentrations, a surrogate for traffic-related air pollution, were measured for a stratified selection of commute trips for different transportation modes and for arterial and local roadways in Seattle, WA. Black carbon concentrations were analyzed to develop an exposure model capable of providing an estimate of commute exposure with respect to route characterization, mode of transportation, time of day, and ambient pollution level. Results: Results generated typical black carbon exposures of commuters in the Seattle area differentiated by variables such as commute time, mode, and route. Sampling data was used to generate three exposure models utilizing these variables to predict an average black carbon exposure concentration based on commute characteristics. Regression model predictions of black carbon exposure significantly differed between transit modes; of all modes included in the models, transit tunnel predictions were highest and walking predictions were lowest. Within-mode comparisons indicate BC exposure predictions for arterial routes are higher than predictions for local/residential routes, are higher between the hours of 6-9 am than between the hours of 4-6 pm, and increase with increased ambient PM2.5 levels. Conclusion: Commute mode and route can impact personal exposure to black carbon. Better understanding of exposure differences for commute modes and routes in Seattle could enable commuters the opportunity to alter commute choices to minimize exposure to black carbon, as well as enable cities and municipalities such as Seattle to consider exposure potential when making decisions about public transportation infrastructure, such as bus type, placement of bus stops, or ventilation in transit tunnels.
Author: Brooke Reynolds Publisher: ISBN: Category : Commuters Languages : en Pages : 5
Book Description
Background: Exposure to traffic-related air pollution may be elevated during commute trips, but could vary with different transportation microenvironments and commuting behavior. Given the variety of commute options available within urban settings, understanding the potential differences in exposures for different commuter choices has potential implications for health, and may inform individual commuter choices and transportation strategies to reduce exposures. Methods: Black carbon concentrations, a surrogate for traffic-related air pollution, were measured for a stratified selection of commute trips for different transportation modes and for arterial and local roadways in Seattle, WA. Black carbon concentrations were analyzed to develop an exposure model capable of providing an estimate of commute exposure with respect to route characterization, mode of transportation, time of day, and ambient pollution level. Results: Results generated typical black carbon exposures of commuters in the Seattle area differentiated by variables such as commute time, mode, and route. Sampling data was used to generate three exposure models utilizing these variables to predict an average black carbon exposure concentration based on commute characteristics. Regression model predictions of black carbon exposure significantly differed between transit modes; of all modes included in the models, transit tunnel predictions were highest and walking predictions were lowest. Within-mode comparisons indicate BC exposure predictions for arterial routes are higher than predictions for local/residential routes, are higher between the hours of 6-9 am than between the hours of 4-6 pm, and increase with increased ambient PM2.5 levels. Conclusion: Commute mode and route can impact personal exposure to black carbon. Better understanding of exposure differences for commute modes and routes in Seattle could enable commuters the opportunity to alter commute choices to minimize exposure to black carbon, as well as enable cities and municipalities such as Seattle to consider exposure potential when making decisions about public transportation infrastructure, such as bus type, placement of bus stops, or ventilation in transit tunnels.
Author: World Health Organization Publisher: World Health Organization ISBN: 9289021926 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 497
Book Description
This book presents revised guideline values for the four most common air pollutants - particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide - based on a recent review of the accumulated scientific evidence. The rationale for selection of each guideline value is supported by a synthesis of information emerging from research on the health effects of each pollutant. As a result, these guidelines now also apply globally. They can be read in conjunction with Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, which is still the authority on guideline values for all other air pollutants. As well as revised guideline values, this book makes a brief yet comprehensive review of the issues affecting the application of the guidelines in risk assessment and policy development. Further, it summarizes information on: . pollution sources and levels in various parts of the world, . population exposure and characteristics affecting sensitivity to pollution, . methods for quantifying the health burden of air pollution, and . the use of guidelines in developing air quality standards and other policy tools. Finally, the special case of indoor air pollution is explored. Prepared by a large team of renowned international experts who considered conditions in various parts of the globe, these guidelines are applicable throughout the world. They provide reliable guidance for policy-makers everywhere when considering the various options for air quality management.
Author: Publisher: World Business Pub. ISBN: 9781569735688 Category : Business enterprises Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard helps companies and other organizations to identify, calculate, and report GHG emissions. It is designed to set the standard for accurate, complete, consistent, relevant and transparent accounting and reporting of GHG emissions.
Author: Henrique Santos Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030510050 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 492
Book Description
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th Annual Smart City 360° Summit, held in Braga, Portugal, in December 2019. The volume combines selected papers of four conferences, namely IoT in Urban Space, Urb-IoT 2019, Smart Governance for Sustainable Smart Cities, SmartGov 2019, Sensor Systems and Software, S-Cube 2019, and Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment, Intetain 2019. The 5 keynote and 32 conference papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 113 submissions and present results of multidisciplinary scientific and industry collaboration to solve complex societal, technological and economic problems Smart Cities. As such, the main goals are to promote quality of life, work conditions, mobility and sustainability.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309182751 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 158
Book Description
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic air pollutant produced largely from vehicle emissions. Breathing CO at high concentrations leads to reduced oxygen transport by hemoglobin, which has health effects that include impaired reaction timing, headaches, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, clouding of consciousness, coma, and, at high enough concentrations and long enough exposure, death. In recognition of those health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as directed by the Clean Air Act, established the health-based National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for CO in 1971. Most areas that were previously designated as "nonattainment" areas have come into compliance with the NAAQS for CO, but some locations still have difficulty in attaining the CO standards. Those locations tend to have topographical or meteorological characteristics that exacerbate pollution. In view of the challenges posed for some areas to attain compliance with the NAAQS for CO, congress asked the National Research Council to investigate the problem of CO in areas with meteorological and topographical problems. This interim report deals specifically with Fairbanks, Alaska. Fairbanks was chosen as a case study because its meteorological and topographical characteristics make it susceptible to severe winter inversions that trap CO and other pollutants at ground level.
Author: Peter Delobelle Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2832549594 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 178
Book Description
The Ottawa Charter specifies that health promotion “has to be facilitated in schools, homes, workplaces and community settings” because “health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn, work, play and love”. COVID-19 had a profound impact on people’s lives and settings-based approaches have been developed in different shapes and formats. COVID-19 has also highlighted social vulnerabilities and laid bare how structural drivers of health inequity interact with class, race, ethnicity, gender, and education. Evidence is needed to document how these determinants can be addressed using settings-based approaches, and how new settings such as digital media, theories and frameworks can be used to tailor context appropriate strategies. Evidence is also needed to address challenges related to sustainability, resilience, and adaptation of complex systems in view of global health issues such as geopolitical instability, climate change and migration, as well as competencies needed to address them.
Author: Sarah McFarland Taylor Publisher: NYU Press ISBN: 1479801550 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 367
Book Description
Tackles a human problem we all share―the fate of the earth and our role in its future Confident that your personal good deeds of environmental virtue will save the earth? The stories we encounter about the environment in popular culture too often promote an imagined moral economy, assuring us that tiny acts of voluntary personal piety, such as recycling a coffee cup, or purchasing green consumer items, can offset our destructive habits. No need to make any fundamental structural changes. The trick is simply for the consumer to buy the right things and shop our way to a greener future. It’s time for a reality check. Ecopiety offers an absorbing examination of the intersections of environmental sensibilities, contemporary expressions of piety and devotion, and American popular culture. Ranging from portrayals of environmental sin and virtue such as the eco-pious depiction of Christian Grey in Fifty Shades of Grey, to the green capitalism found in the world of mobile-device “carbon sin-tracking” software applications, to the socially conscious vegetarian vampires in True Blood, the volume illuminates the work pop culture performs as both a mirror and an engine for the greening of American spiritual and ethical commitments. Taylor makes the case that it is not through a framework of grim duty or obligation, but through one of play and delight, that we may move environmental ideals into substantive action.
Author: Reid H. Ewing Publisher: Urban Land Institute ISBN: Category : Architecture Languages : en Pages : 186
Book Description
Based on a comprehensive study review by leading urban planning researchers, this investigative document demonstrates how urban development is both a key contributor to climate change and an essential factor in combating it -- by reducing vehicle greenhouse gas emissions.
Author: Michael Mendez Publisher: Yale University Press ISBN: 0300249373 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 305
Book Description
An urgent and timely story of the contentious politics of incorporating environmental justice into global climate change policy Although the science of climate change is clear, policy decisions about how to respond to its effects remain contentious. Even when such decisions claim to be guided by objective knowledge, they are made and implemented through political institutions and relationships—and all the competing interests and power struggles that this implies. Michael Méndez tells a timely story of people, place, and power in the context of climate change and inequality. He explores the perspectives and influence low†‘income people of color bring to their advocacy work on climate change. In California, activist groups have galvanized behind issues such as air pollution, poverty alleviation, and green jobs to advance equitable climate solutions at the local, state, and global levels. Arguing that environmental protection and improving public health are inextricably linked, Mendez contends that we must incorporate local knowledge, culture, and history into policymaking to fully address the global complexities of climate change and the real threats facing our local communities.
Author: Brooke Reynolds
Author: Brooke Reynolds
Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency
Author: World Health Organization
Author: 
Author: Henrique Santos
Author: National Research Council
Author: Peter Delobelle
Author: Sarah McFarland Taylor
Author: Reid H. Ewing
Author: Michael Mendez