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Author: Mahdi Asefi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 167
Book Description
The emerging vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) offer a variety of applications and new potential markets related to safety, convenience and entertainment, however, they suffer from a number of challenges not shared so deeply by other types of existing networks, particularly, in terms of mobility of nodes, and end-to-end quality of service (QoS) provision. Although several existing works in the literature have attempted to provide efficient protocols at different layers targeted mostly for safety applications, there remain many barriers to be overcome in order to constrain the widespread use of such networks for non-safety applications, specifically, for video streaming: 1) impact of high speed mobility of nodes on end-to-end QoS provision; 2) cross-layer protocol design while keeping low computational complexity; 3) considering customer-oriented QoS metrics in the design of protocols; and 4) maintaining seamless single-hop and multi-hop connection between the destination vehicle and the road side unit (RSU) while network is moving. This thesis addresses each of the above limitations in design of cross-layer protocols for video streaming application. 1) An adaptive MAC retransmission limit selection scheme is proposed to improve the performance of IEEE 802.11p standard MAC protocol for video streaming applications over VANETs. A multi-objective optimization framework, which jointly minimizes the probability of playback freezes and start-up delay of the streamed video at the destination vehicle by tuning the MAC retransmission limit with respect to channel statistics as well as packet transmission rate, is applied at road side unit (RSU). Two-hop transmission is applied in zones in which the destination vehicle is not within the transmission range of any RSU. In the multi-hop scenario, we discuss the computation of access probability used in the MAC adaptation scheme and propose a cross-layer path selection scheme; 2) We take advantage of similarity between multi-hop urban VANETs in dense traffic conditions and mesh connected networks. First, we investigate an application-centric routing scheme for video streaming over mesh connected overlays. Next, we introduce the challenges of urban VANETs compared to mesh networks and extend the proposed scheme in mesh network into a protocol for urban VANETs. A classfication-based method is proposed to select an optimal path for video streaming over multi-hop mesh networks. The novelty is to translate the path selection over multi-hop networks to a standard classification problem. The classification is based on minimizing average video packet distortion at the receiving nodes. The classifiers are trained offline using a vast collection of video sequences and wireless channel conditions in order to yield optimal performance during real time path selection. Our method substantially reduces the complexity of conventional exhaustive optimization methods and results in high quality (low distortion). Next, we propose an application-centric routing scheme for real-time video transmission over urban multi-hop vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) scenarios. Queuing based mobility model, spatial traffic distribution and prob- ability of connectivity for sparse and dense VANET scenarios are taken into consideration in designing the routing protocol. Numerical results demonstrate the gain achieved by the proposed routing scheme versus geographic greedy forwarding in terms of video frame distortion and streaming start-up delay in several urban communication scenarios for various vehicle entrance rate and traffic densities; and 3) finally, the proposed quality-driven routing scheme for delivering video streams is combined with a novel IP management scheme. The routing scheme aims to optimize the visual quality of the transmitted video frames by minimizing the distortion, the start-up delay, and the frequency of the streaming freezes. As the destination vehicle is in motion, it is unrealistic to assume that the vehicle will remain connected to the same access router (AR) for the whole trip. Mobile IP management schemes can beneffit from the proposed multi-hop routing protocol in order to adapt proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) for multi-hop VANET for video streaming applications. The proposed cross-layer protocols can significantly improve the video streaming quality in terms of the number of streaming freezes and start-up delay over VANETs while achieving low computational complexity by using pattern classification methods for optimization.
Author: Mahdi Asefi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 167
Book Description
The emerging vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) offer a variety of applications and new potential markets related to safety, convenience and entertainment, however, they suffer from a number of challenges not shared so deeply by other types of existing networks, particularly, in terms of mobility of nodes, and end-to-end quality of service (QoS) provision. Although several existing works in the literature have attempted to provide efficient protocols at different layers targeted mostly for safety applications, there remain many barriers to be overcome in order to constrain the widespread use of such networks for non-safety applications, specifically, for video streaming: 1) impact of high speed mobility of nodes on end-to-end QoS provision; 2) cross-layer protocol design while keeping low computational complexity; 3) considering customer-oriented QoS metrics in the design of protocols; and 4) maintaining seamless single-hop and multi-hop connection between the destination vehicle and the road side unit (RSU) while network is moving. This thesis addresses each of the above limitations in design of cross-layer protocols for video streaming application. 1) An adaptive MAC retransmission limit selection scheme is proposed to improve the performance of IEEE 802.11p standard MAC protocol for video streaming applications over VANETs. A multi-objective optimization framework, which jointly minimizes the probability of playback freezes and start-up delay of the streamed video at the destination vehicle by tuning the MAC retransmission limit with respect to channel statistics as well as packet transmission rate, is applied at road side unit (RSU). Two-hop transmission is applied in zones in which the destination vehicle is not within the transmission range of any RSU. In the multi-hop scenario, we discuss the computation of access probability used in the MAC adaptation scheme and propose a cross-layer path selection scheme; 2) We take advantage of similarity between multi-hop urban VANETs in dense traffic conditions and mesh connected networks. First, we investigate an application-centric routing scheme for video streaming over mesh connected overlays. Next, we introduce the challenges of urban VANETs compared to mesh networks and extend the proposed scheme in mesh network into a protocol for urban VANETs. A classfication-based method is proposed to select an optimal path for video streaming over multi-hop mesh networks. The novelty is to translate the path selection over multi-hop networks to a standard classification problem. The classification is based on minimizing average video packet distortion at the receiving nodes. The classifiers are trained offline using a vast collection of video sequences and wireless channel conditions in order to yield optimal performance during real time path selection. Our method substantially reduces the complexity of conventional exhaustive optimization methods and results in high quality (low distortion). Next, we propose an application-centric routing scheme for real-time video transmission over urban multi-hop vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) scenarios. Queuing based mobility model, spatial traffic distribution and prob- ability of connectivity for sparse and dense VANET scenarios are taken into consideration in designing the routing protocol. Numerical results demonstrate the gain achieved by the proposed routing scheme versus geographic greedy forwarding in terms of video frame distortion and streaming start-up delay in several urban communication scenarios for various vehicle entrance rate and traffic densities; and 3) finally, the proposed quality-driven routing scheme for delivering video streams is combined with a novel IP management scheme. The routing scheme aims to optimize the visual quality of the transmitted video frames by minimizing the distortion, the start-up delay, and the frequency of the streaming freezes. As the destination vehicle is in motion, it is unrealistic to assume that the vehicle will remain connected to the same access router (AR) for the whole trip. Mobile IP management schemes can beneffit from the proposed multi-hop routing protocol in order to adapt proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) for multi-hop VANET for video streaming applications. The proposed cross-layer protocols can significantly improve the video streaming quality in terms of the number of streaming freezes and start-up delay over VANETs while achieving low computational complexity by using pattern classification methods for optimization.
Author: Xiang Chen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 89
Book Description
Mobile data traffic has been exponentially increasing during the past years. With the prevalence of video-enabled mobile devices such as smart phones, more than half of the total mobile data traffics are attributed to mobile video traffics. Since wireless resource is limited and video-related applications are bandwidth-consuming, efficiently transmitting videos over wireless networks while providing higher perceptual qualities at the end users become the everlasting endeavors of the service providers. The rapid increasing demands of wireless video streaming services have boosted the developments of video delivery technologies. In the application (APP) layer, more efficient video source coding technologies are designed so that videos with higher qualities can be delivered with less bandwidth consumptions. Among the existing video coding technologies, the scalable video coding (SVC) provides a capability of adapting to various needs or preferences of end users as well as to varying terminal capabilities or network conditions, which makes it an attractive candidate for wireless video streaming applications. In the medium access control (MAC) layer, resource allocation techniques, including rate adaptations and channel selections, are optimized for better wireless resource usages. In the physical (PHY) layer, advanced data transmission schemes such as multi-input multi-output (MIMO) are developed for higher spectral efficiency. To better utilize the advantages of different technologies in different layers, cross-layer design driven by optimizing the end users’ perceptral quality is highly required. In this dissertation, methods of quality-driven cross-layer design of video transmissions over MIMO systems are discussed. First, a near optimal transmit power allocation scheme for delivering SVC-based videos over MIMO systems is discussed. According to the channel state information (CSI) feedbacks, the power of each transmit antennas is adaptively optimized subject to an overall power limit. Therefore, the SVC bit streams with different priorities are transmitted with unequal error protections (UEPs) so that the quality of experience (QoE) at the end user is maximized. Both transmission errors in the PHY layer and video source coding characteristics in the APP layer are jointly considered in this scheme. A near optimal solution is achieved by decomposing the original optimization problem into several convex optimization sub-problems. Detailed algorithms with different complexities and their corresponding theoretical reasonings are provided. The near optimality of the proposed scheme, in terms of measured utilities, is shown by comparing with the exhaustive searched optimal solutions. Simulations with real H.264 SVC video traces demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme by comparing with other existing schemes in terms of well-accepted video quality assessment methods, such as the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity (SSIM) index. Second, a joint rate and power adaptation scheme for SVC-based video transmissions over MIMO systems is discussed. The ultimate goal of this scheme is to maximize the decoding quality at the receiver side. The rate adaptation includes selecting the best modulation and coding schemes (MCSs), set of spatial channels, number of SVC layers (source coding rates) and their corresponding application layer forward error correction (APP-FEC) coding rates. The power adaptation involves the proper allocation of the power to each antenna in the MIMO system. In most of the existing studies, the bit stream of each particular SVC layer is allocated to one spatial channel and the UEP is achieved by transmitting the more important SVC layers through the spatial channels with higher channel gains. However, in the proposed scheme, the bit stream of each particular SVC layer is distributed to multiple spatial channels so that additional diversity gain can be exploited by applying APP-FEC. The UEP can also be achieved with different APP-FEC coding rate on each video layer. Moreover, transmit power allocation is also effectively and jointly determined to improve the system performance. The effectiveness and favorable performance of the proposed scheme are shown by simulations with H.264 SVC traces of high definition (HD) video clips over MIMO systems.
Author: Rashvand, Habib F. Publisher: IGI Global ISBN: 1466609613 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 656
Book Description
Although the existing layering infrastructure--used globally for designing computers, data networks, and intelligent distributed systems and which connects various local and global communication services--is conceptually correct and pedagogically elegant, it is now well over 30 years old has started create a serious bottleneck. Using Cross-Layer Techniques for Communication Systems: Techniques and Applications explores how cross-layer methods provide ways to escape from the current communications model and overcome the challenges imposed by restrictive boundaries between layers. Written exclusively by well-established researchers, experts, and professional engineers, the book will present basic concepts, address different approaches for solving the cross-layer problem, investigate recent developments in cross-layer problems and solutions, and present the latest applications of the cross-layer in a variety of systems and networks.
Author: Michael T. Loiacono Publisher: ISBN: Category : Streaming video Languages : en Pages : 123
Book Description
The proliferation of wireless technology, mobile computing, and increasingly sophisticated video codecs have fueled the sharp increase in demand for user and machine-centric applications (such as IPTV, telemedicine, cyber-physical control, and surveillance) involving wireless video streaming. Unfortunately, today's state of the art local wireless technologies, such as IEEE 802.11, can be easily demonstrated to fail when subjected to the conditions associated with many of these real-world applications. This is because wireless video streaming involves complex relationships between the the video codec, the wireless PHY and MAC, and the application's (or user's) sensitivity to distortions in the video signal, and these relationships are not well understood or exploited by today's video streaming systems. In this dissertation, we reveal and analyze several key obstacles to wireless video streaming, and propose a set of adaptive real-time cross-layer approaches to deal with them. The dissertation begins with an overview of the major hurdles to wireless video streaming. A particular focus is on the instability of current link adaptation algorithms in CSMA/CA based wireless systems under the congested scenarios associated with wireless transmission of multiple simultaneous uplink video streams. Additionally, we focus on congestion control with respect to the fairness policies employed by the IEEE 802.11 channel access mechanism, and demonstrate that airtime fairness is preferred to throughput fairness for transmission of multiple simultaneous uplink video streams in a multi-rate environment. Several other obstacles are presented, including: the need for cross-layer approaches in wireless video streaming; problems with the use of MSE and PSNR in existing cross-layer approaches in today's literature; and the difficulty with perceptual, task-based video quality assessment in the context of an adaptive real-time cross-layer video streaming system. After that, we propose several adaptive real-time cross-layer solutions to deal with these obstacles. They include: (i) airtime fair distributed cross-layer congestion control in multi-rate wireless environments; (ii) cross-layer link adaptation for wireless-video; (iii) video quality assessment in adaptive real-time cross-layer video streaming systems; and (iv) joint link adaptation and congestion control driven by user/task-centric resource allocation. We support the proposed algorithms through simulations, theory, and experiments with real wireless devices on which we have implemented our algorithms.
Author: Cristiano Rezende Publisher: ISBN: Category : University of Ottawa theses Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are no longer a futuristic promise but rather an attainable technology. Vehicles are already equipped with a variety of computational devices that control or assist drivers in many tasks such as localization, safely breaking, parking and passengers entertainment. The majority of services envisioned for VANETs either require the provision of multimedia support or have it as an extremely beneficial additional feature. In particular, video streaming capabilities over VANETs are crucial to the development of interesting and valuable services. However,VANETs' highly dynamic topology poses as a demanding challenge to the fulfillment of video streaming's stringent requirements. The main goal on this thesis is the development of feasible solutions that support the streaming of video content over VANETs. Initially, the main issues of VANETs are explained through both a discussion of its characteristics and the results of some preliminary conclusions. Based on this understanding of VANETs' peculiarities, three distinguishing solutions are designed REACT-DIS, REDEC and VIRTUS; the two first for video dissemination and the later for video unicast. These solutions offer a great advancement towards the provision of video streaming capabilities but packet loss is still an issue at high data rates. In order to improve the delivery ratios reached by the previous solutions, redundancy is used as an error correction mechanism. The use of redundancy is ideal for VANETs in handling packet loss as they do not require any interaction between source and receivers nodes. Sophisticated coding techniques were used for an efficient use of the increase on entropy of the information sent by the source node. It was also evaluated the selective use of redundancy solely on packets carrying the crucial information of I-frames. Although this selective approach obtained lower overall delivery ratios than when redundancy is used for all packets, the video quality obtained similar improvements under a much lower cost. The evaluation on the use of redundancy has considered the impact on the rate by which unique video content is received at end-users which is fundamental to understand the resolution of videos that can be displayed. This thesis provides several contributions as it advances the knowledge in the peculiarities of VANETs, solutions for video streaming over VANETs and the use of redundancy as an error correction mechanism for video streaming over VANETs.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 6
Book Description
This paper presents a cross-layer feedback control scheme for video communications over unstructured mobile networks for tactical operations. A peer-to-peer mobile ad-hoc network has been considered for the experimental testbed. Since ad-hoc networks can suffer greatly from heavy packet loss, in a multihop transmission we have considered a number of protection schemes to maximize the perceived quality of the video signal. In particular, we developed a rate control as well as a packet recovery scheme based on the network characteristics derived from the underlying ad-hoc routing protocol. In addition, to further enhance the quality of service, a redundant packet transmission scheme is presented for lossy recovery of the missing packets.
Author: Pradeep Kumar Singh Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811544514 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 717
Book Description
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Conference on Futuristic Trends in Network and Communication Technologies, FTNCT 2019, held in Chandigarh, India, in November 2019. The 49 revised full papers and 6 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 226 submissions. The prime aim of the conference is to invite researchers from different domains of network and communication technologies to a single platform to showcase their research ideas. The selected papers are organized in topical sections on network and computing technologies; wireless networks and Internet of Things (IoT); futuristic computing technologies; communication technologies, security and privacy.
Author: Renfei Wang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Streaming video Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The transmitting of video content over Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) faces a great number of challenges caused by strict QoS (Quality of Service) requirements and highly dynamic network topology. In order to tackle these challenges, multipath forwarding schemes can be regarded as potential solutions. However, route coupling effect and the path length growth severely impair the performance of multipath schemes. In this thesis, the current research status about video streaming over VANETs as well as multipath transmissions are reviewed. With the demand to discover a more suitable solution, we propose the Location-Aware Multipath Video Streaming (LIAITHON+) protocol to address video streaming over urban VANETs. LIAITHON+ uses location information to discover relatively short paths with minimal route coupling effect. The performance results have shown it outperforms the underlying single path solution as well as the node-disjoint multipath solution. In addition, the impact of added redundancy on the multipath solution is investigated through LIAITHON+. According to the results, added redundancy has a different impact depending on the data rate.
Author: Mahdi Asefi
Author: Mahdi Asefi
Author: Xie Hengheng
Author: Xiang Chen
Author: Rashvand, Habib F.
Author: Michael T. Loiacono
Author: Farahnaz Naeimipoor
Author: Cristiano Rezende
Author: 
Author: Pradeep Kumar Singh
Author: Renfei Wang