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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 10
Book Description
The extraction of heat or thermal energy from the Earth -- heat mining -- has the potential to play a major role as an energy supply technology for the 21st century. However, even if reservoir stimulation goals are achieved, the role of heat mining with today's energy prices and development costs is limited to only a small fraction of the earth's surface, specifically to geologically active regions where geothermal gradients are high. This paper examines the prospects for universal heat mining and the types of developments required to make it a reality. A generalized multi-parameter economic model was developed for optimizing the design and performance of hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal systems by linking an SQP nonlinear programming algorithm with a generalized HDR economic model. HDR system design parameters selected for optimization include well depth (or initial rock temperature), geofluid flow rate, number of fractures and injection temperature. The sensitivities of the optimized design parameters, HDR system performance, and levelized electricity price to average geothermal gradient, fractured area/volume, maximum allowable geofluid temperature, reservoir flow impedance, well deviation, and fracture separation have been investigated. Key technical and institutional obstacles to universal heat mining are discussed in a more general context. These include (1) developing methods for stimulating low permeability formations to provide sustained productivity with acceptable flow/pressure losses (2) dealing with barriers to change primary energy supply options when fossil energy resources are abundant and prices are low and (3) lowering the high drilling costs for developing the deep (>5 km) reservoirs required in low gradient areas. Advanced concepts in drilling technology that could lead to a linear as opposed to exponential relationship between cost and depth are discussed in light of their potential impact on heat mining.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 10
Book Description
The extraction of heat or thermal energy from the Earth -- heat mining -- has the potential to play a major role as an energy supply technology for the 21st century. However, even if reservoir stimulation goals are achieved, the role of heat mining with today's energy prices and development costs is limited to only a small fraction of the earth's surface, specifically to geologically active regions where geothermal gradients are high. This paper examines the prospects for universal heat mining and the types of developments required to make it a reality. A generalized multi-parameter economic model was developed for optimizing the design and performance of hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal systems by linking an SQP nonlinear programming algorithm with a generalized HDR economic model. HDR system design parameters selected for optimization include well depth (or initial rock temperature), geofluid flow rate, number of fractures and injection temperature. The sensitivities of the optimized design parameters, HDR system performance, and levelized electricity price to average geothermal gradient, fractured area/volume, maximum allowable geofluid temperature, reservoir flow impedance, well deviation, and fracture separation have been investigated. Key technical and institutional obstacles to universal heat mining are discussed in a more general context. These include (1) developing methods for stimulating low permeability formations to provide sustained productivity with acceptable flow/pressure losses (2) dealing with barriers to change primary energy supply options when fossil energy resources are abundant and prices are low and (3) lowering the high drilling costs for developing the deep (>5 km) reservoirs required in low gradient areas. Advanced concepts in drilling technology that could lead to a linear as opposed to exponential relationship between cost and depth are discussed in light of their potential impact on heat mining.
Author: Jefferson W. Tester Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 9780262201537 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 884
Book Description
Evaluates trade-offs and uncertainties inherent in achieving sustainable energy, analyzes the major energy technologies, and provides a framework for assessing policy options.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 030917192X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 136
Book Description
Renewable Power Pathways is the result of a study by the National Research Council (NRC) Committee for the Programmatic Review of the Office of Power Technologies (OPT) review of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Power Technologies and its research and development (R&D) programs. The OPT, which is part of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, conducts R&D programs for the production of electricity from renewable energy sources. Some of these programs are focused on photovoltaic, wind, solar, thermal, geothermal, biopower, and hydroelectric energy technologies; others are focused on energy storage, electric transmission (including superconductivity), and hydrogen technologies. A recent modest initiative is focused on distributed power-generation technologies. This report reviews the activities of each of OPT's programs and makes recommendations for OPT as a whole and major recommendations for individual OPT programs.
Author: Jefferson W. Tester Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 0262304635 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 1067
Book Description
The second edition of a widely used textbook that explores energy resource options and technologies with a view toward achieving sustainability on local, national, and global scales. Human survival depends on a continuing supply of energy, but the need for ever-increasing amounts of it poses a dilemma: How can we find energy sources that are sustainable and ways to convert and utilize energy that are more efficient? This widely used textbook is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as others who have an interest in exploring energy resource options and technologies with a view toward achieving sustainability on local, national, and global scales. It clearly presents the tradeoffs and uncertainties inherent in evaluating and choosing sound energy portfolios and provides a framework for assessing policy solutions. The second edition examines the broader aspects of energy use, including resource estimation, environmental effects, and economic evaluations; reviews the main energy sources of today and tomorrow, from fossil fuels and nuclear power to biomass, hydropower, and solar energy; treats energy carriers and energy storage, transmission, and distribution; addresses end-use patterns in the transportation, industrial, and building sectors; and considers synergistic complex systems. This new edition also offers updated statistical data and references; a new chapter on the complex interactions among energy, water, and land use; expanded coverage of renewable energy; and new color illustrations. Sustainable Energy addresses the challenges of making responsible energy choices for a more sustainable future.
Author: Christopher A. Simon Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield ISBN: 1538169983 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 407
Book Description
The renewable and alternative energy markets and energy policy have evolved rapidly in recent years. This fully revised and expanded third edition continues to emphasize the political, economic and social feasibility of alternative energies and adds chapters on energy storage, reforming the power grid, and AI's role in energy markets.
Author: Stefan Hirschberg Publisher: vdf Hochschulverlag AG ISBN: 3728136549 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 526
Book Description
Switzerland's Energy Strategy 2050 requires energy efficiency to be substantially improved, the proportion of fossil fuels in the energy supply to be considerably reduced, and nuclear power to be phased out, while meeting highly ambitious climate protection targets. One of the core implications is the need for a massive increase of the use of renewable sources for electricity generation. In this context, the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) estimates that by 2050 deep geothermal energy could contribute 4–5 TWh per year to electricity generation in Switzerland, which would be a substantial contribution to a projected annual power need of 60 TWh. Geothermal energy is attractive because of the very large scale of the resource, its expected relatively low CO2 emissions, and its reliable, all-day domestic availability. However, the future contribution of deep geothermal energy is subject to major uncertainties: How much of this resource can be exploited and at what economic cost? What are the environmental and risk-related externalities that the public must be willing to bear? How does its overall performance compare to competing energy resources? And will the regulatory framework and public acceptance be sufficient to allow geothermal energy to provide a significant contribution? By way of this major interdisciplinary study, already considered a work of reference, TA-SWISS provides answers to these questions in a comprehensive and balanced way, thereby supplying a sound basis for stakeholder decision-making.
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Author: Jefferson W. Tester
Author: National Research Council
Author: Jefferson W. Tester
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Author: Christopher A. Simon
Author: H. Christopher H. Armstead
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Author: Stefan Hirschberg
Author: Geothermal Resources Council. Annual Meeting