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Author: Marilyn YanHua Ee Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 73
Book Description
Proposition 47 is legislation recently passed in California that has sparked some controversy concerning its operations and efficacy. Although Proposition 47 was developed and launched with intended consequences, opponents claim that it is causing unintended consequences that are adverse in nature. None of these claims - intended and unintended - have been sufficiently substantiated by empirical evidence. This study examined the trends in four key areas - prison populations, drug treatment admissions, crime rates, and arrest rates - to test the claims about the unintended consequences of Prop 47. Prop 47's intended consequences are downward trends in prison populations, crime and arrests, and upward trends in drug treatment admissions. Its unintended consequences are trends that contrast or otherwise deviate from those of the intended consequences. Four years of data, two years prior to Prop 47 and two years after Prop 47, for all four areas were collected and analyzed. The results demonstrate that contrary to intended results, prison populations increased, drug treatment admissions decreased, crime rates increased, and arrest rates partially increased, showing support for the unintended consequences of Proposition 47. This study is one of the first empirical inquiries assessing the unintended consequences of Prop 47 and contributes to the general literature of public policy. As part of the analysis, limitations and suggestions for future research are addressed.
Author: Marilyn YanHua Ee Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 73
Book Description
Proposition 47 is legislation recently passed in California that has sparked some controversy concerning its operations and efficacy. Although Proposition 47 was developed and launched with intended consequences, opponents claim that it is causing unintended consequences that are adverse in nature. None of these claims - intended and unintended - have been sufficiently substantiated by empirical evidence. This study examined the trends in four key areas - prison populations, drug treatment admissions, crime rates, and arrest rates - to test the claims about the unintended consequences of Prop 47. Prop 47's intended consequences are downward trends in prison populations, crime and arrests, and upward trends in drug treatment admissions. Its unintended consequences are trends that contrast or otherwise deviate from those of the intended consequences. Four years of data, two years prior to Prop 47 and two years after Prop 47, for all four areas were collected and analyzed. The results demonstrate that contrary to intended results, prison populations increased, drug treatment admissions decreased, crime rates increased, and arrest rates partially increased, showing support for the unintended consequences of Proposition 47. This study is one of the first empirical inquiries assessing the unintended consequences of Prop 47 and contributes to the general literature of public policy. As part of the analysis, limitations and suggestions for future research are addressed.
Author: Carl Schmitt Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1509511679 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 120
Book Description
When Germany was defeated in 1945, both the Russians and the Americans undertook mass internments in the territories they occupied. The Americans called their approach “automatic arrest.” Carl Schmitt, although not belonging in the circles subject to automatic arrest, was held in one of these camps in the years 1945–6 and then, in March 1947, in the prison of the international tribunal in Nuremberg, as witness and “possible defendant.” A formal charge was never brought against him. Schmitt’s way of coping throughout the years of isolation was to write this book. In Ex Captivitate Salus, or Deliverance from Captivity, Schmitt considers a range of issues relating to history and political theory as well as recent events, including the Nazi defeat and the newly emerging Cold War. Schmitt often urged his readers to view the book as though it were a series of letters personally directed to each one of them. Hence there is a decidedly personal dimension to the text, as Schmitt expresses his thoughts on his own career trajectory with some pathos, while at the same time emphasising that “this is not romantic or heroic prison literature.” This reflective work sheds new light on Schmitt’s thought and personal situation at the beginning of a period of exile from public life that only ended with his death in 1985. It will be of great value to the many students and scholars in political theory and law who continue to study and appreciate this seminal theorist of the twentieth century.
Author: American Bar Association. House of Delegates Publisher: American Bar Association ISBN: 9781590318737 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 216
Book Description
The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
Author: Nora V. Demleitner Publisher: ISBN: 9780735507098 Category : Sentences (Criminal procedure) Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
A leading text in criminal law, co-authored by leading scholars in the field, Sentencing Law and Policy draws from extensive sources to present a comprehensive overview of all aspects of criminal sentencing. Online integration with sentencing commissions, thorough treatment of current case law, and provocative notes and questions, stimulate students to consider connections between disparate institutions and examine the purposes and politics of the criminal justice system. The Third Edition has been updated to include recent developments in sentencing case law and provocative discussions of policy debates across a wide range of topics, including discretion in sentencing, race, death penalty abolition, state sentencing guidelines, second-look policies, the impact of new technologies, drug courts and much more. Features: Authors are among the leading sentencing scholars in the United States. Demleitner and Berman are editors of the leading sentencing journal, Federal Sentencing Reporter. Berman is the blog master of the leading sentencing blog, with huge readership. Intuitive organization tracks the process that occurs in every criminal sentencing. Each chapter draws on the most relevant examples from three distinct sentencing worlds: guideline-determinate, indeterminate, and capital. Wide-ranging source materials, including: U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Cases from state high courts, federal appellate courts, and foreign jurisdictions. Statutes and guidelines provisions. Reports and data from sentencing commissions and other agencies. Problems and questions in text are integrated with websites of sentencing commissions, such as the site for the U.S. Sentencing Commissions (www.ussc.gov). Challenging questions ask students to compare institutions and consider the connections between specific sentencing rules and the purposes and politics of criminal justice, emphasizing the effects of sentencing. Notes tell students directly what are the most common practices in U.S. jurisdictions. Instructorsand’ website (www.sentencingbook.net) provides the Teacherand’s Manualand—available only electronically on the siteand— with additional teaching materials to be posted as needed. Studentsand’ website (www.sentencingbook.com) features longer collections of rules and guidelines, statutes, case studies, recent articles, practice problems, sample exams, and a virtual library. Thoroughly updated, the revised Third Edition includes: New Supreme Court cases, including Gall, Kimbrough, Padilla (6th Amendment), and Kennedy (child rape sentencing limits). Policy debates over mass incarceration, the relevance of the budget crisis, and the state-level variation in deincarceration. Shifting authority among key actors in the crack penalty/crack reform debate, including the Fair Sentencing Act (FSA). Expanded core study of discretion in sentencing and attention to race in sentencing, with a close study of the North Carolina Racial Justice Act and the emergence of and“racial impact statementsand” about existing systems and proposed legislation ina number of states. Death penalty abolition. Developments in state sentencing guidelines, noting stand-still in new states, and the relevance of the ALI MPC project. Emergence of and“second lookand” policy discussions, the troubled debate over the theory, operation and impact of parole systems, and the and“supervised releaseand” that has come to replace traditional parole. Discussion of new technologies, developm
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Criminal law Languages : en Pages : 125
Book Description
Proposition 47 implemented three broad changes to felony sentencing laws. First, it reclassified certain theft and drug possession offenses from felonies to misdemeanors. Second, it authorizes defendants currently serving sentences for felony offenses that would have qualified as misdemeanors under the proposition to petition courts for resentencing under the new misdemeanor provisions. Third, it authorizes defendants who have completed their sentences for felony convictions that would have qualified as misdemeanors under the proposition to apply to reclassify those convictions to misdemeanors. Felony convictions resentenced or reclassified as misdemeanors under the proposition are considered misdemeanors for all purposes, except that such relief does not permit the person to own, possess, or have in his or her custody or control any firearm. -- from the California court's website.
Author: Jerry Ratcliffe Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1351132334 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 194
Book Description
How do I reduce crime in my police command? How do I tackle chronic crime problems? How do I address the long-term issues that have plagued my community? How do I analyze crime and criminal behaviour? How do I show evidence of success in crime reduction? What works, what doesn’t, and how do we know? Providing answers to these questions and more, this engaging and accessible book offers a foundation for leadership in modern policing. Blending concepts from crime science, environmental criminology, and the latest research in evidence-based policing, the book draws on examples from around the world to cover a range of issues such as: how to analyze crime problems and what questions to ask, why the PANDA model is your key to crime reduction, key features of criminal behavior relevant to police commanders, the current research on what works in police crime prevention, why to set up systems to avoid surprises and monitor crime patterns, how to develop evidence of your effectiveness, forming a crime reduction plan, tracking progress, and finally, how to make a wider contribution to the policing field. Crammed with useful tips, checklists and advice including first-person perspectives from police practitioners, case studies and chapter summaries, this book is essential reading both for police professionals taking leadership courses and promotion exams, and for students engaged with police administration and community safety.
Author: Michael O'Hear Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA ISBN: Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 213
Book Description
Despite 15 years of reform efforts, the incarceration rate in the United States remains unprecedentedly high. This book provides the first comprehensive survey of these reforms and explains why they have proven to be ineffective. After many decades of stability, the imprisonment rate in the United States quintupled between 1973 and 2003. Since then, nearly all states have adopted multiple reforms intended to reduce imprisonment, but the U.S. imprisonment rate has only decreased by a paltry 2 percent. Why have American sentencing reforms since 2000 been largely ineffective? Are tough mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent drug offenders the primary reason our prisons are always full? This book offers a fascinating assessment of the wave of sentencing reforms adopted by dozens of states as well as changes at the federal level since 2000, identifying common themes among seemingly disparate changes in sentencing policy and highlighting recent reform efforts that have been more successful and may point the way forward for the nation as a whole. In The Failed Promise of Sentencing Reform, Michael O'Hear exposes the myths that American prison sentencing reforms enacted in the 21st century have failed to have the expected effect because U.S. prisons are filled to capacity with nonviolent drug offenders as a result of the "war on drugs" or because of new laws that took away the discretion of judges and corrections officials. O'Hear then makes a convincing case for the real reasons sentencing reforms have come up short: because they exclude violent and sexual offenders, and because they rely on the discretion of officials who still have every incentive to be highly risk-averse. He also highlights how overlooking the well-being of offenders and their families in our consideration of sentencing reform has undermined efforts to effect real change.
Author: Bryan Ding Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This thesis paper examines the causal effects of California Proposition 47, a criminal justice reform measure passed in 2014, on property crime rates in Los Angeles and other major cities in California. Proposition 47 aimed to reduce prison overcrowding by reclassifying certain nonviolent offenses as misdemeanors and reallocating resources to education, mental health, and drug treatment programs. Existing research on Proposition 47's impact on property crime rates has yielded mixed results, primarily due to limitations inherent in observational studies. To overcome these limitations, this study employs a causal inference approach, especially focusing on difference in difference and synthetic control methods. A general reweighting approach to causal inference with time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) data from Chad Hazlet and Yiqing Xu is used too, including methods such as mean-balancing and kernel-balancing. We analyzed data from the FBI crime database spanning 11 years and covering 23 cities, focusing on property crimes such as burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. The synthetic control method allows for the estimation of the policy intervention's effect by creating a synthetic control group that closely matches the characteristics of the treated group, addressing confounding factors. The study finds evidence that Propo- sition 47 increased property crime in Los Angeles and multiple major cities in California, supported by the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) calculations and graphical representations. However, these conclusions rely on the assumptions made in the causal inference framework. Additionally, other studies indicate that Proposition 47 achieved de- carceration and reduced racial prejudices within the judicial system, emphasizing the need to consider broader social impacts. The results of this study should be interpreted with caution, and further exploration of Proposition 47's long-term effects on the criminal justice system, communities, and individuals is necessary.
Author: Steven Raphael Publisher: ISBN: 9780880994798 Category : Criminals Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This book explores the labor market prospects of the growing population of former prison inmates in the United States. In particular, the specific challenges created by the characteristics of this population and the common hiring and screening practices of U.S. employers. In addition, various policy efforts are discussed to improve the employment prospects and limit the future criminal activity of former prison inmates either through improving the skills and qualications of these job seekers or through the provision of incentives to employers to hire such individuals.
Author: Marilyn YanHua Ee
Author: Marilyn YanHua Ee
Author: Carl Schmitt
Author: American Bar Association. House of Delegates
Author: Nora V. Demleitner
Author: 
Author: Euclid
Author: Jerry Ratcliffe
Author: Michael O'Hear
Author: Bryan Ding
Author: Steven Raphael