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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
According to the invention a process for the solid state reduction of chromite ores comprises heating finely divided chromite ore in intimate admixture with a finely divided carbonaceous reductant and a flux comprising at least one alkali metal aluminium silicate, silica and calcium flouride at a temperature and for a time chosen to cause the formation of a substantially liquid flux phase in contact with adjacent solid particles of chromite and carbonaceous reductant.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
According to the invention a process for the solid state reduction of chromite ores comprises heating finely divided chromite ore in intimate admixture with a finely divided carbonaceous reductant and a flux comprising at least one alkali metal aluminium silicate, silica and calcium flouride at a temperature and for a time chosen to cause the formation of a substantially liquid flux phase in contact with adjacent solid particles of chromite and carbonaceous reductant.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The Council for Mineral Technology (Mintek) initiated a research programme in an effort to develop technology that would maximize the rate and degree of reduction of chromium and iron, as well as the overall energy-efficiency of the process. Laboratory- and small-scale pilot-plant tests successfully demonstrated that the use of a thin coating of ferrochromium or aluminosilicate on the surface of composite chromite pellets permits the reduction of over 70 per cent of the chromium oxide and 90 per cent of the iron oxide under atmospheres containing 100 per cent carbon dioxide. This development follows the use of fluxes to enhance pre-reduction, and has paved the way for a serious consideration of the use of shaft furnaces into which carbon monoxide gas from (for example) a smelter-gasifier could be passed. This would effect high levels of pre-reduction of coated chromite pellets containing limited amounts of flux to enhance pre-reduction.
Author: Jiann-Yang Hwang Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 111806206X Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 435
Book Description
High Temperature Metallurgical Processing contains the proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Thermal Processing of Minerals, Metals and Materials. This symposium explores physical and chemical transformations in materials that have been designed to facilitate the recovery of valuable metals or produce other useful materials. Representatives from both industry and academia focused on the latest innovative high temperature technologies. Because high temperature processes require high energy input, the presenters addressed the need for sustainable technologies that could provide low energy consumption and low pollution emissions. The symposium also examined the thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions, phase transformations at elevated temperatures, and characterization of materials used or produced in high temperature processing.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
A mineralogical investigation of samples of slag and metals resulting from the treatment of South African chromite fines in a transferred-arc plasma furnace is reported. The analyses were carried out so that a better understanding of the reduction process in a plasma furnace could be acquired. The work involved the identification of the phases in the samples by X-ray diffraction and electron-microprobe analysis of these phases, and the location of the residual chromium and iron in slag samples from runs in which the reduction had not reached completion. Comparisons are made with previously analysed samples that had been obtained from the dig-out of a 48 MVA submerged-arc ferrochromium furnace. These comparisons are considered to be relevant to this investigation since the reduction of chromium ores is currently accomplished primarily in submerged-arc furnaces. It is concluded that: Where solid-state reduction occurs, it takes place in the same manner as in a submerged-arc furnace, ie, the Fe2+ diffuses out of the chromite spinel, is reduced first, and is then replaced by magnesium, which diffuses into the chromite particle. In runs where the reduction has not gone to completion, residual chromium in the samples remains primarily in the recrystallized spinel and to some extent in the glass phase. There is also some residual chromium in partly altered chromite particles. The smaller amount of residual iron does not appear in the slag phases but is incorporated in partly altered chromite particles and metallic blebs in these particles or associated with them. Since the dissolution of the chromite is rapid, reduction is the rate-controlling process in the transferred-arc plasma furnace, as opposed to dissolution in the submerged-arc furnace.
Author: Boyd R. Davis Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319950223 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 2862
Book Description
This three volume set presents papers from the first collaborative global metallurgy conference focused exclusively on extractive topics, including business and economic issues. Contributions examine new developments in foundational extractive metallurgy topics and techniques, and present the latest research and insights on emerging technologies and issues that are shaping the global extractive metallurgy industry. The book is organized around the following main themes: hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, sulfide flotation, and extractive metallurgy markets and economics.
Author: M. Shamsuddin Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 111907827X Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 691
Book Description
This book covers various metallurgical topics, viz. roasting of sulfide minerals, matte smelting, slag, reduction of oxides and reduction smelting, interfacial phenomena, steelmaking, secondary steelmaking, role of halides in extraction of metals, refining, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy. Each chapter is illustrated with appropriate examples of applications of the technique in extraction of some common, reactive, rare or refractory metal together with worked out problems explaining the principle of the operation.
Author: Michael Gasik Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann ISBN: 0080977669 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 537
Book Description
This handbook gathers, reviews and concisely presents the core principles and varied technology involved in processing ferroalloys. Background content in thermodynamics, kinetics, heat and mass transfer is accompanied by an overview of electrical furnaces theory and practice as well as sustainability issues. The work includes detailed coverage of the major technologies of ferrosilicon, ferronickel, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten, ferrovanadium, ferromanganese and lesser known minor ferroalloys. Distilling the results of many years' experience in ferroalloys, Michael Gasik has assembled contributions from the worlds' foremost experts. The work is therefore a unique source for scientists, engineers and university students, exploring in depth an area which is one of the most versatile and increasingly used fields within modern metallurgy. All-in-one source for the major ferroalloys and their metallurgical processing technologies, cutting research time otherwise spent digging through old handbooks or review articles. In-depth discussion of the C, Si, Al-reduction, groups II-VIII of the periodic table, supporting analysis of metallurgical processing. Contemporary coverage includes environment and energy saving issues.
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Author: Jiann-Yang Hwang
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Author: F. S. Boericke
Author: Boyd R. Davis
Author: M. Shamsuddin
Author: Michael Gasik