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Author: Marcela Torres Publisher: ISBN: 9781369565522 Category : Indigenous peoples Languages : en Pages : 268
Book Description
Conflicts between indigenous groups and governments over the control of lands potentially containing valuable minerals and hydrocarbons, are proliferating in Latin America and elsewhere around the world. In 1989, the International Labor Organization granted prior consultation rights to all indigenous peoples living in postcolonial countries. Prior consultation affords indigenous communities the right to be consulted by their governments about any project that could potentially impact their territory. While this right remains unimplemented in most parts of the world, violence between indigenous communities and extractive companies over the control of resource-rich lands during the 2000s commodity boom forced Latin American governments to pass prior consultation legislation. This dissertation looks at two different kinds of indigenous movements. The "anti-extractivist indigenous" attempt to maintain the resources in the subsoil to prevent damage to their environmental resources, and thus oppose any extraction whatsoever. By contrast, the "pro-extractivist indigenous" seek to obtain and maximize their share of the economic benefits derived from resource extraction. By assuming that indigenous struggles over the extractive industry are driven by the desire for negotiation or prohibition, this dissertation asks two important questions. First, why can some indigenous groups either profit from resource extraction or prohibit it while others cannot? Second, how do prior consultation procedures enable--or inhibit--the indigenous from achieving these goals? This research shows that prior consultation procedures-the way they are implemented today-do not allow to express indigenous opposition to extractive projects yet these procedures are used as bargaining tables by some indigenous groups to negotiate extractive resources with the state. Dissertation findings show that prior consultation can foster significant redistribution of resources to politically powerful indigenous peoples. Yet, it is actually detrimental--not helpful--in the fight of anti-extractivist indigenous. This study shows that prior consultation has partially achieved its goal of fostering indigenous political participation in extractive policy as it has enabled highly mobilized pro-extractivist indigenous groups to advance some of their economic demands. Anti-extractivist indigenous groups and demobilized pro-extractivist groups, on the other hand, have not seen their interests advanced through prior consultation. This study contributes to a much better understanding of the goals held by indigenous groups over the extractive industry sector. Likewise, understanding the degree to which the institutionalization of the right to prior consultation has transformed the way indigenous peoples participate in this industry--and the obstacles for participation--has important implications for avoiding violence surrounding mineral and hydrocarbon extraction.
Author: Marcela Torres Publisher: ISBN: 9781369565522 Category : Indigenous peoples Languages : en Pages : 268
Book Description
Conflicts between indigenous groups and governments over the control of lands potentially containing valuable minerals and hydrocarbons, are proliferating in Latin America and elsewhere around the world. In 1989, the International Labor Organization granted prior consultation rights to all indigenous peoples living in postcolonial countries. Prior consultation affords indigenous communities the right to be consulted by their governments about any project that could potentially impact their territory. While this right remains unimplemented in most parts of the world, violence between indigenous communities and extractive companies over the control of resource-rich lands during the 2000s commodity boom forced Latin American governments to pass prior consultation legislation. This dissertation looks at two different kinds of indigenous movements. The "anti-extractivist indigenous" attempt to maintain the resources in the subsoil to prevent damage to their environmental resources, and thus oppose any extraction whatsoever. By contrast, the "pro-extractivist indigenous" seek to obtain and maximize their share of the economic benefits derived from resource extraction. By assuming that indigenous struggles over the extractive industry are driven by the desire for negotiation or prohibition, this dissertation asks two important questions. First, why can some indigenous groups either profit from resource extraction or prohibit it while others cannot? Second, how do prior consultation procedures enable--or inhibit--the indigenous from achieving these goals? This research shows that prior consultation procedures-the way they are implemented today-do not allow to express indigenous opposition to extractive projects yet these procedures are used as bargaining tables by some indigenous groups to negotiate extractive resources with the state. Dissertation findings show that prior consultation can foster significant redistribution of resources to politically powerful indigenous peoples. Yet, it is actually detrimental--not helpful--in the fight of anti-extractivist indigenous. This study shows that prior consultation has partially achieved its goal of fostering indigenous political participation in extractive policy as it has enabled highly mobilized pro-extractivist indigenous groups to advance some of their economic demands. Anti-extractivist indigenous groups and demobilized pro-extractivist groups, on the other hand, have not seen their interests advanced through prior consultation. This study contributes to a much better understanding of the goals held by indigenous groups over the extractive industry sector. Likewise, understanding the degree to which the institutionalization of the right to prior consultation has transformed the way indigenous peoples participate in this industry--and the obstacles for participation--has important implications for avoiding violence surrounding mineral and hydrocarbon extraction.
Author: Marcela Torres Wong Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 9780367483630 Category : Languages : en Pages : 164
Book Description
In 1989, the International Labor Organization stated that all indigenous peoples living in the postcolonial world were entitled to the right to prior consultation, over activities that could potentially impact their territories and traditional livelihoods. However, in many cases the economic importance of industries such as mining and oil condition the way that governments implement the right to prior consultation. This book explores extractive conflicts between indigenous populations, the government and oil and mining companies in Latin America, namely Mexico, Peru and Bolivia. Building on two years of research and drawing on the state-corporate and environmental crime literatures, this book examines the legal, extralegal, illegal as well as political strategies used by the state and extractive companies to avoid undesired results produced by the legalization of the right to prior consultation. It examines the ways in which prior consultation is utilized by powerful indigenous actors to negotiate economic resources with the state and extractive companies, while also showing the ways in which weaker indigenous groups are incapable of engaging in prior consultations in a meaningful way and are therefore left at the mercy of negative ecological impacts. It demonstrates how social mobilization--not prior consultation--is the most effective strategy in preventing extraction from moving forward within ecologically fragile indigenous territories.
Author: Maristella Svampa Publisher: ISBN: 1108707122 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 73
Book Description
This Element analyses the political dynamics of neo-extractivism in Latin America. It discusses the critical concepts of neo-extractivism and the commodity consensus and the various phases of socio-environmental conflict, proposing an eco-territorial approach that uncovers the escalation of extractive violence. It also presents horizontal concepts and debates theories that explore the language of Latin American socio-environmental movements, such as Buen Vivir and Derechos de la Naturaleza. In concluding, it proposes an explanation for the end of the progressive era, analyzing its ambiguities and limitations in the dawn of a new political cycle marked by the strengthening of the political rights.
Author: Thea Riofrancos Publisher: Duke University Press Books ISBN: 9781478007968 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
In 2007, the left came to power in Ecuador. In the years that followed, the “twenty-first-century socialist” government and a coalition of grassroots activists came to blows over the extraction of natural resources. Each side declared the other a perversion of leftism and the principles of socioeconomic equality, popular empowerment, and anti-imperialism. In Resource Radicals, Thea Riofrancos unpacks the conflict between these two leftisms: on the one hand, the administration's resource nationalism and focus on economic development; and on the other, the anti-extractivism of grassroots activists who condemned the government's disregard for nature and indigenous communities. In this archival and ethnographic study, Riofrancos expands the study of resource politics by decentering state resource policy and locating it in a field of political struggle populated by actors with conflicting visions of resource extraction. She demonstrates how Ecuador's commodity-dependent economy and history of indigenous uprisings offer a unique opportunity to understand development, democracy, and the ecological foundations of global capitalism.
Author: Judith Shapiro Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1000391647 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 221
Book Description
Our Extractive Age: Expressions of Violence and Resistance emphasizes how the spectrum of violence associated with natural resource extraction permeates contemporary collective life. Chronicling the increasing rates of brutal suppression of local environmental and labor activists in rural and urban sites of extraction, this volume also foregrounds related violence in areas we might not expect, such as infrastructural developments, protected areas for nature conservation, and even geoengineering in the name of carbon mitigation. Contributors argue that extractive violence is not an accident or side effect, but rather a core logic of the 21st Century planetary experience. Acknowledgement is made not only of the visible violence involved in the securitization of extractive enclaves, but also of the symbolic and structural violence that the governance, economics, and governmentality of extraction have produced. Extractive violence is shown not only to be a spectacular event, but an extended dynamic that can be silent, invisible, and gradual. The volume also recognizes that much of the new violence of extraction has become cloaked in the discourse of "green development," "green building," and efforts to mitigate the planetary environmental crisis through totalizing technologies. Ironically, green technologies and other contemporary efforts to tackle environmental ills often themselves depend on the continuance of social exploitation and the contaminating practices of non-renewable extraction. But as this volume shows, resistance is also as multi-scalar and heterogeneous as the violence it inspires. The book is essential reading for activists and for students and scholars of environmental politics, natural resource management, political ecology, sustainable development, and globalization.
Author: Marcela Torres-Wong Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1009410873 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 155
Book Description
International norms widely recognize the Indigenous right to self-determination by which Indigenous peoples define and purse their collective aspirations. Nevertheless, as progressive as legal frameworks might appear, in reality, few Indigenous communities enjoy this right and most remain vulnerable and disempowered. Activists blame Latin America's extractivist economies, while governments argue that extractive revenues are necessary to improve Indigenous life. Far from presenting a unified position, rural Indigenous peoples are most often divided over extractive industries. To assess how Indigenous self-determination has progressed, and the role that extractivism plays in this, this Element examines six Indigenous communities in Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru with contrasting experiences of extractive projects. It finds that the Indigenous ability to use favorable legislation in conjunction with available economic resources shapes different self-determination outcomes. Finally, it assesses Indigenous possibilities for self-determination in the light of environmental activism and discourses on Buen Vivir.
Author: Malayna Raftopoulos Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1351135619 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 187
Book Description
This book focuses on the issues of global environmental injustice and human rights violations and explores the scope and limits of the potential of human rights to influence environmental justice. It offers a multidisciplinary perspective on contemporary development discussions, analysing some of the crucial challenges, contradictions and promises within current environmental and human rights practices in Latin America. The contributors examine how the extraction and exploitation of natural resources and the further commodification of nature have affected local communities in the region and how these policies have impacted on the promotion and protection of human rights as communities struggle to defend their rights and territories. The book analyses the emergence of transnational activism in the context of collective action organised around socio-environmental conflicts, the infringement of basic human rights and the emergence of alternative and sometimes conflicting development models. Furthermore, it critically discusses why governments are often willing to override their commitments to sustainability and human rights to promote their development agenda. The chapters originally published as a special issue in The International Journal of Human Rights.
Author: Ariadna Estévez Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030736598 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 252
Book Description
This book discusses and theorizes Achille Mbembe’s necropolitics, the politics of death, in the specific context of North America. It works to characterize and analyze the particularities and relational differences of American and Canadian necropowers vis-à-vis their devices, subjectivities, necroempowered subjects, and production of spaces of death in their geographical and symbolic borderlands with the Third World: the US-Mexico border, indigenous lands, migrant and Black-American neighborhoods, and resource rich geographies. North American necropowers not only profit from death, but also conduct disposable populations to death throughout the region. The volume proposes a postcolonial perspective that characterizes the political power of North America as a necropower—or the sovereign power to make die. Each chapter therefore theorizes and analyzes the specificities of necropower, examining different necropolitics that range from asylum and migration restrictions to the economic exploitation and abandonment of deprived populations and policing of ethnic minorities, in particular Mexican immigrants, indigenous peoples, and African American communities.
Author: Eduardo Dargent Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319535323 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 214
Book Description
This book analyses the institutional development that the Peruvian state has undergone in recent years within a context of rapid extractive industry expansion. It addresses the most important institutional state transformations produced directly by natural resources growth. This includes the construction of a redistributive law with the mining canon; the creation of a research canon for public universities; the development of new institutions for environmental regulation; the legitimation of state involvement in the function of prevention and management of conflicts; and the institutionalization and dissemination of practices of participation and local consultation.
Author: Maiah Jaskoski Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0197568920 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 297
Book Description
"In the face of new extraction, communities in Latin America's hydrocarbon and mining regions use participatory institutions powerfully. In some cases, communities act within the formal participatory spaces, while in others, they organized "around" or "in reaction to" the institutions, using participatory procedures as focal points for escalating conflict. Communities select their strategies in response to the participatory challenges they confront. Those challenges are associated with contestation over the boundaries that determine access to participatory institutions. Contestation over the line between subnational authority vis-à-vis central-state jurisdictions heightens communities' challenge of initiating a participatory process. Disagreement over the territorial delineation of communities impacted by planned extraction creates for formally non-impacted communities the challenge of gaining inclusion in participatory events. Finally, disputes over the boundary that sets representatives of an affected community apart from the community at large intensify the community's challenge of conveying a position on extraction. This analysis of thirty major extractive conflicts in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru in the 2000s and 2010s examines community uses of public hearings built into environmental licensing, state-led prior consultations with native communities, and local popular consultations, or referenda"--
Author: Marcela Torres
Author: Marcela Torres
Author: Marcela Torres Wong
Author: Maristella Svampa
Author: Thea Riofrancos
Author: Judith Shapiro
Author: Marcela Torres-Wong
Author: Malayna Raftopoulos
Author: Ariadna Estévez
Author: Eduardo Dargent
Author: Maiah Jaskoski