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Author: Nicole A. Janovick Publisher: ISBN: 9780549910398 Category : Languages : en Pages : 820
Book Description
Experiments were conducted to evaluate prepartum plane of energy intake, metabolism, and inflammation during the periparturient period. In experiment 1 housekeeping genes were evaluated for use with qPCR experiments in liver tissue. Ribosomal protein, S9 (RPS9) was most stable over dietary treatments and physiological states. In experiment 2, a qPCR study was conducted using 6 cows per treatment group that had either restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake prepartum. Expression for mRNA of genes related to fatty acid oxidation was greater for controlled energy cows on d 14 postpartum and related to lower lipid accumulation postpartum. Expression of mRNA for inflammatory genes was elevated pre- and postpartum in overfed cows and was associated with total liver lipid postpartum. In experiment 3, serum from 73 cows with restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake in the far-off period and either ad libitum or restricted intake in the close-up period was evaluated. Liver function and inflammatory variables were related to liver lipid accumulation postpartum. A poorer liver function index was noted for cows overfed energy or restricted prepartum. Experiment 4 used primiparous (n = 24) and multiparous (n = 23) cows with restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake prepartum. Controlling or restricting intake resulted in less severe change in dry matter intake and energy balance prepartum and improved metabolic profiles and health postpartum compared with cows having excess energy intake prepartum regardless of parity group. In experiment 5, a bovine oligonucleotide microarray was used to study temporal effects of mRNA transcript expression in subcutaneous adipose in 7 cows overfed energy and 7 cows with controlled energy intake prepartum from experiment 4. Over 3,400 mRNA transcripts were differentially expressed due to diet by time effects. The largest dietary effects occurred on d -14 and largest day effects between d -14 and d 1. Overconsumption of energy was linked to inflammatory markers studied in these experiments. A relationship between postpartum liver lipid accumulation and inflammation was observed. Avoiding overconsumption of energy prepartum improved metabolic status and metabolism, which was therefore beneficial to animal health and productivity. Evidence for inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in adipose tissue related to prepartum energy intake requires further study.
Author: Nicole A. Janovick Publisher: ISBN: 9780549910398 Category : Languages : en Pages : 820
Book Description
Experiments were conducted to evaluate prepartum plane of energy intake, metabolism, and inflammation during the periparturient period. In experiment 1 housekeeping genes were evaluated for use with qPCR experiments in liver tissue. Ribosomal protein, S9 (RPS9) was most stable over dietary treatments and physiological states. In experiment 2, a qPCR study was conducted using 6 cows per treatment group that had either restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake prepartum. Expression for mRNA of genes related to fatty acid oxidation was greater for controlled energy cows on d 14 postpartum and related to lower lipid accumulation postpartum. Expression of mRNA for inflammatory genes was elevated pre- and postpartum in overfed cows and was associated with total liver lipid postpartum. In experiment 3, serum from 73 cows with restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake in the far-off period and either ad libitum or restricted intake in the close-up period was evaluated. Liver function and inflammatory variables were related to liver lipid accumulation postpartum. A poorer liver function index was noted for cows overfed energy or restricted prepartum. Experiment 4 used primiparous (n = 24) and multiparous (n = 23) cows with restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake prepartum. Controlling or restricting intake resulted in less severe change in dry matter intake and energy balance prepartum and improved metabolic profiles and health postpartum compared with cows having excess energy intake prepartum regardless of parity group. In experiment 5, a bovine oligonucleotide microarray was used to study temporal effects of mRNA transcript expression in subcutaneous adipose in 7 cows overfed energy and 7 cows with controlled energy intake prepartum from experiment 4. Over 3,400 mRNA transcripts were differentially expressed due to diet by time effects. The largest dietary effects occurred on d -14 and largest day effects between d -14 and d 1. Overconsumption of energy was linked to inflammatory markers studied in these experiments. A relationship between postpartum liver lipid accumulation and inflammation was observed. Avoiding overconsumption of energy prepartum improved metabolic status and metabolism, which was therefore beneficial to animal health and productivity. Evidence for inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in adipose tissue related to prepartum energy intake requires further study.
Author: Sarah Elizabeth LaCount Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 282
Book Description
The transition from pregnancy to lactation is a time of great metabolic adaptations for the dairy cow. Dry matter intake decreases, yet demand for nutrients increase vastly with the onset of milk production resulting in negative energy balance. Cows must mobilize body tissues to increase energy for the body while sparing glucose for the mammary gland. Due to this increased metabolic demand and negative energy balance, cows often end up in a state of metabolic dysfunction which can have disastrous consequences. Nutritional strategies can help increase glucose precursors while decreasing body tissue mobilization that is linked to increased risk of disease. Previous research is mixed on the impacts of high starch to increase glucose precursors to the cow immediately postpartum, likely due to an increased risk for subacute ruminal acidosis that can result in metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. Feeding strategies which utilize high starch while also including higher fiber to promote rumen health have not been conducted. The objectives of this dissertation were to: 1) investigate interplay of fiber fractions in high starch postpartum dairy cow diets on performance, hepatic metabolism and energy balance, 2) examine interplay of inflammation, hepatic metabolism, energy metabolites, and metabolic hormones in the postpartum period, and 3) investigate opportunities to combine use of a higher digestibility corn silage with monensin to optimize production and health in the periparturient period. Increased fiber in the postpartum diet can limit intake in early lactation, resulting in negatively altered metabolism and production. As intake restrictions were eased by feeding a more fermentable diet, cows were able to recover intake, production, and energy metabolites in a matter of days to match cows that were not limited in intake early postpartum. Increased fiber in diets that may pose a higher risk of subacute ruminal acidosis may still be warranted, though further research on fiber levels and fractions is needed. Correlations between improved hepatic metabolism and metabolic hormones indicative of energy balance were positive, though correlations between markers of improved hepatic metabolism and inflammation were negative. Cows fed corn silage with higher digestibility and monensin, which increases glucose precursors, showed a possible synergistic effect on milk production. Using either strategy alone increased energy status, improved metabolism and health status, however a combination of both strategies decreased milk components, indicating they might negatively alter the rumen environment and milk fat synthesis.
Author: Thomas Herdt Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN: 1455776173 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 283
Book Description
A current, comprehensive issue on metabolic diseases for the food animal practitioner. Topics include obesity and insulin resistance in dairy cows, ketosis therapy, use of serum NEFA and BHBA concentrations in herd-level assessment, mineral nutrition in transition diets, protein, fat, and energy in dairy transition diets, prophylactic calcium therapy in peripartum dairy cows, metabolic regulators of feed intake, assessing and managing body condition score for the prevention of metabolic disease, and more!
Author: Pierre Cronjé Publisher: CABI ISBN: 9780851997124 Category : Electronic books Languages : en Pages : 492
Book Description
The International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology (ISRP) is the premier forum for presentation and discussion of advances in knowledge of the physiology of ruminant animals. This book brings together edited versions of the keynote review papers presented at the symposium.
Author: Burim N. Ametaj Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319430335 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 281
Book Description
This book summarizes the results achieved so far by application of various biological systems (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) involved in the pathomechanisms and early diagnosis of periparturient diseases as specific biomarkers of disease in cattle. These emerging technologies help to extensively enhance our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of periparturient diseases of transition dairy cows. The book includes a chapter dedicated to ‘omics’ sciences and one that discusses the myths established in animal and veterinary sciences in recent decades and emerging, new paradigms. The diseases discussed include metritis, mastitis, laminitis, ketosis, rumen acidosis, periparturient immunosuppression, gastrointestinal microbiota and their involvement in disease, infertility, fatty liver, milk fever, and retained placenta. This book is intended for academics, veterinarians, animal nutritionists, researchers, and graduate students working in the field of ‘omics sciences’ with a special interest in dairy cattle health.
Author: Nada Ben Abdallah Publisher: ISBN: 9781773612478 Category : Animal health Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Dairy farming is one of the fastest growing and developing subsectors in the agricultural industry. There has been unprecedented growth in milk production attributed by proper genetic selection, breeding, housing, and feeding programs in this subsector. Dairy farming for milk production has been the primary business for many people in different places around the world. Milk has also been and still is a key animal product in most diets consumed worldwide. With various advancements achieved in preservation of techniques for dairy products, preference of consumers for milk and milk products are higher than ever. Basic information on the technology and science used in production and processing this crucial food commodity is significant to the work of academia, governments, and industry.Several good and professionally prepared reference books are available, but the preference for any specific book greatly depends on the needs for the reader. Most of the dairy farming reference books are single-volume books, and others only cover general topics whereas other books cover specific dairy farming topics. This book has been prepared to offer essential information about basic principles involved in milk production, nutritional requirement for dairy cattle, basic management practices involved in dairy farming and health conditions that affect dairy cows in milk production to all those student taking dairy farming management courses, veterinary professionals, teachers, dairy management staffs, and even various governmental staffs involved in agricultural sectors. The general science and various production practices presently in use in dairy industry have been characterised and well described so that the reader can acquire insights into the industry. The book has been divided into four sections. Section one deal with general information and principles on dairy farming and it consist of only one chapter. Section two deals with background information on nutrition requirements in milk production and consists of four chapters. Section three deals with general management practices involved in dairy farming for maximum milk production and consist of four chapters. Lastly, section four dealing with dairy farming health problems consists of one chapter. More emphases have been put in nutrition and management practices of dairy cow because these are the two key areas where most breeders and producer focus on in order to enhance milk production. Specific areas tailored towards minimizing production costs and maximizing overall production have also received much of the attention, specifically on the second, third and fourth section of the book
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309069971 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 406
Book Description
This widely used reference has been updated and revamped to reflect the changing face of the dairy industry. New features allow users to pinpoint nutrient requirements more accurately for individual animals. The committee also provides guidance on how nutrient analysis of feed ingredients, insights into nutrient utilization by the animal, and formulation of diets to reduce environmental impacts can be applied to productive management decisions. The book includes a user-friendly computer program on a compact disk, accompanied by extensive context-sensitive "Help" options, to simulate the dynamic state of animals. The committee addresses important issues unique to dairy science-the dry or transition cow, udder edema, milk fever, low-fat milk, calf dehydration, and more. The also volume covers dry matter intake, including how to predict feed intake. It addresses the management of lactating dairy cows, utilization of fat in calf and lactation diets, and calf and heifer replacement nutrition. In addition, the many useful tables include updated nutrient composition for commonly used feedstuffs.
Author: A.T. Diplock Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080858910 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 309
Book Description
Free radical species are generally short-lived due to their high reactivity and thus direct measurement and identification are often impossible. ESR is the only technique which has the potential for direct detection of radicals but in biological systems even these must be trapped by a spin-trapping agent. Thus most investigations involve recognition of indicators of the presence of radicals in vivo or "FOOTPRINTS" of radical-mediated damage. Techniques in Free Radical Research assembles and critically assesses the most relevant and reliable experimental approaches used towards the measurement of radicals and radical-mediated damage in chemical systems, in cells and in tissues under the following six headings: a) Footprints of DNA damage, b) Footprints of protein damage, c) Footprints of lipid peroxidation, d) Footprints of antioxidant consumption, e) Footprints via indirect radical assays, and f) Footprints via the availability of transition metal complexes.
Author: Massimo Amadori Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128019743 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 278
Book Description
The Innate Immune Response to Non-infectious Stressors: Human and Animal Models highlights fundamental mechanisms of stress response and important findings on how the immune system is affected, and in turn affects such a response. In addition, this book covers the crucial link between stress response and energy metabolism, prompts a re-appraisal of some crucial issues, and helps to define research priorities in this fascinating, somehow elusive field of investigation. - Provides insights into the fundamental homeostatic processes vis-à-vis stressors to help in investigation - Illustrates the depicted tenets and how to offset them against established models of response to physical and psychotic stressors in both animals and humans - Covers the crucial issue of the immune response to endocrine disruptors - Includes immunological parameters as reporter system of environmental adaptation - Provides many illustrative examples to foster reader understanding
Author: Nicole A. Janovick
Author: Nicole A. Janovick
Author: Sarah Elizabeth LaCount
Author: Thomas Herdt
Author: Euler Rabelo
Author: Pierre Cronjé
Author: Burim N. Ametaj
Author: Nada Ben Abdallah
Author: National Research Council
Author: A.T. Diplock
Author: Massimo Amadori