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Author: Ahmed Raza Cheema Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing ISBN: 9783659186806 Category : Languages : en Pages : 180
Book Description
In order to find trend in poverty different techniques are employed by different authors resulting in no clear cut outcome in Pakistan.The same story is about inequality estimation.It is necessary to quantify the roles of growth and income redistribution towards changes in poverty in the short and long run.It is also necessary to know whether the growth is pro-poor or not. This study employed the same technique to find poverty, inequality and growth estimates from 1993 to 2006.Rural area experienced more poverty as compared to urban area throughout the period, whereas the results of inequality showed an opposite story.During some periods growth was dominant over adverse income redistribution while for the other years story was opposite to it.For headcount ratio the growth was not pro-poor.Poverty is inversely related with age, education, foreign remittances, sewing machine, livestock and owned land, while it is positively associated with household size.There is positive relationship between inequality and growth.Net elasticity of poverty to growth is less than the gross elasticity of poverty to growth.This study should help the government in tackling poverty and inequality prob
Author: Ahmed Raza Cheema Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing ISBN: 9783659186806 Category : Languages : en Pages : 180
Book Description
In order to find trend in poverty different techniques are employed by different authors resulting in no clear cut outcome in Pakistan.The same story is about inequality estimation.It is necessary to quantify the roles of growth and income redistribution towards changes in poverty in the short and long run.It is also necessary to know whether the growth is pro-poor or not. This study employed the same technique to find poverty, inequality and growth estimates from 1993 to 2006.Rural area experienced more poverty as compared to urban area throughout the period, whereas the results of inequality showed an opposite story.During some periods growth was dominant over adverse income redistribution while for the other years story was opposite to it.For headcount ratio the growth was not pro-poor.Poverty is inversely related with age, education, foreign remittances, sewing machine, livestock and owned land, while it is positively associated with household size.There is positive relationship between inequality and growth.Net elasticity of poverty to growth is less than the gross elasticity of poverty to growth.This study should help the government in tackling poverty and inequality prob
Author: Theo S. Eicher Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 0262550644 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 343
Book Description
Even minute increases in a country's growth rate can result in dramatic changes in living standards over just one generation. The benefits of growth, however, may not be shared equally. Some may gain less than others, and a fraction of the population may actually be disadvantaged. Recent economic research has found both positive and negative relationships between growth and inequality across nations. The questions raised by these results include: What is the impact on inequality of policies designed to foster growth? Does inequality by itself facilitate or detract from economic growth, and does it amplify or diminish policy effectiveness? This book provides a forum for economists to examine the theoretical, empirical, and policy issues involved in the relationship between growth and inequality. The aim is to develop a framework for determining the role of public policy in enhancing both growth and equality. The diverse range of topics, examined in both developed and developing countries, includes natural resources, taxation, fertility, redistribution, technological change, transition, labor markets, and education. A theme common to all the essays is the importance of education in reducing inequality and increasing growth.
Author: Ms. Valerie Cerra Publisher: International Monetary Fund ISBN: 1513572660 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 54
Book Description
Is there a tradeoff between raising growth and reducing inequality and poverty? This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the complex links between growth, inequality, and poverty, with causation going in both directions. The evidence suggests that growth can be effective in reducing poverty, but its impact on inequality is ambiguous and depends on the underlying sources of growth. The impact of poverty and inequality on growth is likewise ambiguous, as several channels mediate the relationship. But most plausible mechanisms suggest that poverty and inequality reduce growth, at least in the long run. Policies play a role in shaping these relationships and those designed to improve equality of opportunity can simultaneously improve inclusiveness and growth.
Author: Mr.Jonathan David Ostry Publisher: International Monetary Fund ISBN: 1484397657 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 30
Book Description
The Fund has recognized in recent years that one cannot separate issues of economic growth and stability on one hand and equality on the other. Indeed, there is a strong case for considering inequality and an inability to sustain economic growth as two sides of the same coin. Central to the Fund’s mandate is providing advice that will enable members’ economies to grow on a sustained basis. But the Fund has rightly been cautious about recommending the use of redistributive policies given that such policies may themselves undercut economic efficiency and the prospects for sustained growth (the so-called “leaky bucket” hypothesis written about by the famous Yale economist Arthur Okun in the 1970s). This SDN follows up the previous SDN on inequality and growth by focusing on the role of redistribution. It finds that, from the perspective of the best available macroeconomic data, there is not a lot of evidence that redistribution has in fact undercut economic growth (except in extreme cases). One should be careful not to assume therefore—as Okun and others have—that there is a big tradeoff between redistribution and growth. The best available macroeconomic data do not support such a conclusion.
Author: Goksu Aslan Publisher: International Monetary Fund ISBN: 1484328728 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 32
Book Description
We investigate the link between gender inequality in financial inclusion and income inequality, with three contributions to the recent literature. First, using a micro-dataset covering 146,000 individuals in over 140 countries, we construct novel, synthetic indices of the intensity of financial inclusion at the individual and country level. Second, we derive the distribution of individual financial access “scores” across countries to document a “Kuznets”-curve in financial inclusion. Third, cross-country regressions confirm that our measure of inequality in financial access is significantly related to income inequality, above and beyond other factors previously highlighted in the literature.
Author: Keith B. Griffin Publisher: [London] : Macmillan ; [New York] : St. Martin's Press ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 300
Book Description
Compilation of writings on economic growth and inequality of income distribution in Pakistan - comprises papers on the financing of national planning objectives, stagnation and growth in agriculture, industrial development and trade, wages and savings, economic implications of agricultural Innovation and agricultural policies for agricultural development, etc. References and statistical tables.
Author: Mr.Shekhar Aiyar Publisher: International Monetary Fund ISBN: 1484396987 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 23
Book Description
We posit that the relationship between income inequality and economic growth is mediated by the level of equality of opportunity, which we identify with intergenerational mobility. In economies characterized by intergenerational rigidities, an increase in income inequality has persistent effects—for example by hindering human capital accumulation— thereby retarding future growth disproportionately. We use several recently developed internationally comparable measures of intergenerational mobility to confirm that the negative impact of income inequality on growth is higher the lower is intergenerational mobility. Our results suggest that omitting intergenerational mobility leads to misspecification, shedding light on why the empirical literature on income inequality and growth has been so inconclusive.
Author: Giovanni Andrea Cornia Publisher: Oxford University Press on Demand ISBN: 9780199284108 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 438
Book Description
Within-country income inequality has risen since the early 1980s in most of the OECD, all transitional, and many developing countries. More recently, inequality has risen also in India and nations affected by the Asian crisis. Altogether, over the last twenty years, inequality worsened in 70per cent of the 73 countries analysed in this volume, with the Gini index rising by over five points in half of them. In several cases, the Gini index follows a U-shaped pattern, with the turn-around point located between the late 1970s and early 1990s. Where the shift towards liberalization andglobalization was concluded, the right arm of the U stabilized at the 'steady state level of inequality' typical of the new policy regime, as observed in the UK after 1990. Mainstream theory focusing on rises in wage differentials by skill caused by either North-South trade, migration, or technological change poorly explains the recent rise in income inequality. Likewise, while the traditional causes of income polarization-high land concentration, unequal access toeducation, the urban bias, the 'curse of natural resources'-still account for much of cross-country variation in income inequality, they cannot explain its recent rise. This volume suggests that the recent rise in income inequality was caused to a considerable extent by a policy-driven worsening in factorial income distribution, wage spread and spatial inequality. In this regard, the volume discusses the distributive impact of reforms in trade and financialliberalization, taxation, public expenditure, safety nets, and labour markets. The volume thus represents one of the first attempts to analyse systematically the relation between policy changes inspired by liberalization and globalization and income inequality. It suggests that capital accountliberalization appears to have had-on average-the strongest disequalizing effect, followed by domestic financial liberalization, labour market deregulation, and tax reform. Trade liberalization had unclear effects, while public expenditure reform often had positive effects.
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Publisher: ISBN: 9789211303223 Category : Equality Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The 2013 report examines key drivers of inequality that have emerged in the recent past and the impact of rising inequality. It examines trends in social, economic and spatial inequalities and assesses why inequality matters in order to propose policy solutions to this persistent problem, paying particular attention to the potential role of empowerment and participation. The report highlights inequalities within and across countries and shows the cumulative, mutually-reinforcing effects these inequalities have on the systematic lack of participation and disadvantage of some social groups and on the intergenerational transmission of poverty. It discusses the role of economic and political institutions in promoting participation and empowerment.
Author: Ahmed Raza Cheema
Author: Ahmed Raza Cheema
Author: Theo S. Eicher
Author: Ms. Valerie Cerra
Author: Mr.Jonathan David Ostry
Author: Goksu Aslan
Author: Keith B. Griffin
Author: Mr.Shekhar Aiyar
Author: Giovanni Andrea Cornia
Author: Ricardo Fuentes-Nieva
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs