Author: Sui Ling Kuo Publisher: ISBN: 9781267657152 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Evidence of climate change has now been observed in many ecosystems, and there is an increasing need to predict how species may be influenced by future environmental conditions. Models forecasting future distributions of organisms often assume that heat stress decreases with increasing latitude, populations within a species have similar stress tolerances, and temperature is the primary determinant of species biogeographic range boundaries. Species ranges are thus generally predicted to shift poleward with global warming. However, these assumptions neglect the fact that other ecological and evolutionary processes can also control species distributions, and influence their response to climate change. In this dissertation, I evaluated these assumptions using empirical studies of two intertidal gastropod species that occur along the northeastern Pacific coast: the channeled dogwhelk Nucella canaliculata and the specialist seaweed limpet Lottia insessa. My results demonstrate how mechanistic studies can inform more accurate predictions for species responses to climate change. In Chapter 1, I used laboratory experiments to show that populations of the snail N. canaliculata had evolved genetic differences in their tolerance of heat stress, and that southern populations were less heat tolerant than their northern counterparts. This geographic variation in thermal tolerance mirrored the pattern of intertidal thermal stress along the coast, where northern sites were hotter than southern sites due to regional variation in the timing of low tides. Geographic patterns of environmental conditions and stress tolerant genotypes were spatially complex, and may modulate the effects of climate change on local population extinctions and species range shifts.To assess the effects of future climate change on potential species range shifts, it is crucial to have baseline data on current distributional patterns. However, accurate documentation of the distribution and locations of range boundaries is lacking for most species. In Chapter 2, I examined museum collections and conducted field surveys to document the distribution of the limpet L. insessa along the northeastern Pacific coast, and clarified that the northern range boundary of this species occurs at Cape Arago in southern Oregon, USA. In Chapter 3, I used a series of field studies and laboratory experiments to test whether the northern range boundary of L. insessa at Cape Arago is constrained by three ecological factors: (1) the limpet's physiological intolerance of the temperatures found beyond the range boundary, (2) increased mortality due to stronger wave disturbance beyond the range boundary, or (3) low densities (or the absence) of its host kelp (Egregia menziesii) beyond the range boundary. I found little support for temperature and wave disturbance in constraining the distribution of L. insessa, and conclude that dispersal barriers created by limited availability of suitable rocky habitat appear to be the most important determinant setting the range boundary of this species. Since the range boundary of L. insessa is not set by its intolerance of cold temperatures, its range may not necessarily shift poleward as predicted even as temperatures warm. In Chapter 4, I conducted a laboratory experiment to test empirically how the lecithotrophic (non-feeding) larvae of L. insessa will respond to future ocean conditions (elevated temperature and reduced pH). I found that fewer larvae survived to settlement under elevated temperatures, and that larval shell size was affected negatively and additively by elevated temperature and reduced pH. However, larval duration was not affected by changes in these two factors. This study suggests that lecithotrophic larvae that rely on maternal provisioning may be constrained energetically in their capacity to respond to multiple environmental stressors, and that they may be more vulnerable to climate change compared to planktotrophic larvae that can feed in the plankton to compensate for the increased metabolic costs of development under stressful conditions. Taken together, results from Chapters 3 and 4 suggest that warming temperatures in the future may not necessarily facilitate a poleward range extension in L. insessa, whose current range boundary is limited by habitat rather than temperature. Instead, reduced larval survival under warmer temperatures may further decrease recruitment in this species that is already recruitment-limited at the current range edge, and this may potentially result in a range contraction. These complexities suggest that predictions of future changes in species distributions will benefit from a mechanistic understanding of how current species range boundaries are maintained, and how these determinants may be altered in the face of climate change.
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN: 9251306079 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 654
Book Description
This report indicates that climate change will significantly affect the availability and trade of fish products, especially for those countries most dependent on the sector, and calls for effective adaptation and mitigation actions encompassing food production.
Author: Gil Rilov Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 354079235X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 642
Book Description
Biological invasions are considered to be one of the greatest threats to the integrity of most ecosystems on earth. This volume explores the current state of marine bioinvasions, which have been growing at an exponential rate over recent decades. Focusing on the ecological aspects of biological invasions, it elucidates the different stages of an invasion process, starting with uptake and transport, through inoculation, establishment and finally integration into new ecosystems. Basic ecological concepts - all in the context of bioinvasions - are covered, such as propagule pressure, species interactions, phenotypic plasticity, and the importance of biodiversity. The authors approach bioinvasions as hazards to the integrity of natural communities, but also as a tool for better understanding fundamental ecological processes. Important aspects of managing marine bioinvasions are also discussed, as are many informative case studies from around the world.
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9781009157971 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 755
Book Description
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Author: Sajal Ray Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 1789230802 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 342
Book Description
The book is divided into two sections and represents the current trend of research in aquatic bioresource. In the section "Biology, Ecology and Physiological Chemistry", high-impact articles are contributed on reproduction, population genetics, evolution, biodiversity, biology and ecology of different aquatic faunas. Physiological chemistry of lipid, bioactive pharmaceuticals and chemical ecological aspects of aquatic organisms were discussed. In the section entitled "Conservation and Sustainable Management", authors highlighted conservation- and management-related issues of various bioresources in different regions of the earth. The book mentions the biological, ecological, physiological and genetic significance of aquatic organisms with resource potential. The authors stressed on rational utilisation and management of bioresource ensuring minimal damage of the aquatic ecosystem. This book would provide a direction towards sustainable ecological management of bioresource.
Author: Stephen J. Hawkins Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 110841608X Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 535
Book Description
A comprehensive account of how abiotic and biotic interactions shape patterns of coastal marine biodiversity and ecosystem processes globally.
Author: Mark W. Denny Publisher: Univ of California Press ISBN: 9780520251182 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 742
Book Description
"This is the book I have been waiting for! Written by experts in each field, this Encyclopedia provides a wealth of information not only about the tidepool and shore life but also the oceanography associated with these habitats. This will be a major reference guide for years to come."--Dr. Nigella Hillgarth, Executive Director, Birch Aquarium at Scripps, Scripps Institution of Oceanography "The "Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores" covers much more than one might guess. It ranges from oceanography, to physiology, biomechanics, and conservation science, along with the expected treatment of the diverse groups of organisms that live in those habitats. The coverage of each topic is kept short and comprehensible to almost everyone, from high schools to colleges, and certainly to the general public interested in learning more about this fascinating part of our natural world. Best of all, the editors have managed to get some of the best scientists in the world, the absolute experts in their fields, to write the articles. The relatively short length of each entry also makes this book an ideal source for assigned readings to accompany marine biology, ecology, or oceanography classes, laboratories and field trips. It will be much appreciated by teachers and students."--Ken Sebens, Director of the Friday Harbor Marine Laboratories, University of Washington "The place where vast oceans meet the land is wondrous, complex and fascinating. Visitors from research scientists to toddlers have explored these ecosystems--one of nature's most popular theme parks. Anyone who has spent time amongst the sea stars, crabs and kelp departs full of unanswered questions. Now these questions can beanswered by dipping into the "Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores," The editors and contributors to this reference have created a new standard that will be an immediate classic."--Leon Panetta, Director, The Leon & Sylvia Panetta Institute for Public Policy "This volume is a wonderful introduction to the hidden and fascinating world of rocky tidepools. Grab a copy and head out with your kids or students for an outdoor experience that's sure to get them hooked. From remarkable adaptations of marine algae to weird animal life histories, tidepools hold amazing stories to tell. They deserve our interest--and our care--as part of earth's natural systems that sustain us all."--Julie Packard, Executive Director, Monterey Bay Aquarium "Tide pool lovers the world around will satisfy their curiosity, uncover new gems of insight and renew their wonder of nature at lands' end in this authoritative, fascinating and insightful compilation. Revealed within are the secrets of rocky shores and tide pools--that most dynamic of interfaces between the land and the sea, that treasure chest of rich biodiversity and keen insight, that world where science, literature, beauty and stewardship combine to form the now that integrates the past and tempts the future."--Jane Lubchenco, Wayne and Gladys Valley Professor of Marine Biology, Oregon State University
Author: Irene D. Alabia Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Climate change is anticipated to have long-term and pervasive effects on marine ecosystems, with cascading consequences to many ocean-reliant sectors. For the marine fisheries sector, these impacts can be further influenced by future socio-economic and political factors. Hence, raises the need for robust projections to capture the range of potential biological and economic risks and opportunities posed by climate change to marine fisheries. Here, we project the future changes in the relative abundance of eight commercially-important fish and crab species in the Pacific Arctic region under the different CMIP6 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways leading to contrasting future (2021-2100) scenarios of warming, sea ice concentration, and net primary productivity changes. Our results show differential patterns of change in the abundance and distribution across species and scenarios, highlighting potential winners and losers under future climate change. Specifically, under the extreme socioeconomic pathway (SSP585), Pacific cod and snow crab abundances are projected to increase and decrease in the region, respectively with concomitant zonal and meridional shifts in the centers of gravity. Importantly, projected changes in species abundance suggest that fishing at the same distance from the major port in the Bering Sea (i.e., Dutch harbor) could yield declining catches for highly valuable fisheries (e.g., Pacific cod and snow crab) under the SSP585 scenario. Declines in future catches of high value fisheries under SSP585 resulted to economic loss, despite an overall increase in the total potential catch dominated by low value fisheries. Albeit the results of this study should be taken with appropriate caution due to the simplistic model assumptions and projection uncertainties, these projected changes in abundances and shifting distributions could have relevant biological and economic repercussions on productivity of the Eastern Bering Sea ecosystem, commercial and subsistence fisheries, and effective management of transboundary resources.
Author: Richard J. Ladle Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1444398113 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 323
Book Description
CONSERVATION BIOGEOGRAPHY The Earth’s ecosystems are in the midst of an unprecedented period of change as a result of human action. Many habitats have been completely destroyed or divided into tiny fragments, others have been transformed through the introduction of new species, or the extinction of native plants and animals, while anthropogenic climate change now threatens to completely redraw the geographic map of life on this planet. The urgent need to understand and prescribe solutions to this complicated and interlinked set of pressing conservation issues has lead to the transformation of the venerable academic discipline of biogeography – the study of the geographic distribution of animals and plants. The newly emerged sub-discipline of conservation biogeography uses the conceptual tools and methods of biogeography to address real world conservation problems and to provide predictions about the fate of key species and ecosystems over the next century. This book provides the first comprehensive review of the field in a series of closely interlinked chapters addressing the central issues within this exciting and important subject.
Author: Martin Solan Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0198718829 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 381
Book Description
This summarises the latest advances in the physiological and ecological responses of marine species to a wide range of potential stressors resulting from current anthropogenic activity, and provides a perspective on future outcomes for some of the most pressing environmental issues facing society today.
Author: Sui Ling Kuo
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Author: Gil Rilov
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Author: Sajal Ray
Author: Stephen J. Hawkins
Author: Mark W. Denny
Author: Irene D. Alabia
Author: Richard J. Ladle
Author: Martin Solan