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Author: Kathryn Carson Meehan Publisher: ISBN: 9780438930698 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The RHIC Beam Energy Scan (BES) Program was proposed to look for the turn-off of signatures of the quark gluon plasma (QGP), search for a possible QCD critical point, and study the nature of the phase transition between hadronic and partonic matter. The first phase of the BES program (BES-I) took place from 2010-2016. Several interesting observables studied in BES-I, including the net-proton higher moments and the directed flow of protons, show interesting behavior below 20 GeV and could suggest a transition to a hadron dominated regime. Data from energies lower than 7 GeV could help determine whether these behaviors are indicative of phase transitions or criticality. The goal of the STAR Fixed-Target (FXT) Program is to extend the collision energy range in BES-II to lower energies than is feasible with colliding beams. In order for this program to be approved, it was necessary to demonstrate that STAR could successfully perform measurements in a fixed-target geometry. In this dissertation we present results from the fixed-target pilot run data set collected in 2015 with the STAR detector. The pilot run consisted of 4.5 GeV per nucleon center-of-mass energy Au + Au collisions. The [pi]− spectra and rapidity density are measured from the top 5% most central collisions and found to be comparable to previous results at similar energies from the AGS experiments. Additionally the 4[pi] yield is extracted and found to be 153 +/- 15 (stat) +/- 29 (sys). Together, these and additional results measured by other analyzers from multiple institutions in STAR, demonstrated that STAR can successfully reproduce many physics results from the AGS experiments. This helped convince the Brookhaven Program Advisory Committee (PAC) to include an official FXT program in BES-II, to be conducted in 2019-2021. Specifically, the PAC approved the collection of 100 million events each taken at eight different energies with STAR operating in the fixed-target configuration. This will extend BES-II to center-of-mass energies as low as 3.0 GeV per nucleon, nearly doubling the [mu][subscript B] reach of the BES program and thus broadening our search for interesting transition features in the phase diagram.
Author: Kathryn Carson Meehan Publisher: ISBN: 9780438930698 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The RHIC Beam Energy Scan (BES) Program was proposed to look for the turn-off of signatures of the quark gluon plasma (QGP), search for a possible QCD critical point, and study the nature of the phase transition between hadronic and partonic matter. The first phase of the BES program (BES-I) took place from 2010-2016. Several interesting observables studied in BES-I, including the net-proton higher moments and the directed flow of protons, show interesting behavior below 20 GeV and could suggest a transition to a hadron dominated regime. Data from energies lower than 7 GeV could help determine whether these behaviors are indicative of phase transitions or criticality. The goal of the STAR Fixed-Target (FXT) Program is to extend the collision energy range in BES-II to lower energies than is feasible with colliding beams. In order for this program to be approved, it was necessary to demonstrate that STAR could successfully perform measurements in a fixed-target geometry. In this dissertation we present results from the fixed-target pilot run data set collected in 2015 with the STAR detector. The pilot run consisted of 4.5 GeV per nucleon center-of-mass energy Au + Au collisions. The [pi]− spectra and rapidity density are measured from the top 5% most central collisions and found to be comparable to previous results at similar energies from the AGS experiments. Additionally the 4[pi] yield is extracted and found to be 153 +/- 15 (stat) +/- 29 (sys). Together, these and additional results measured by other analyzers from multiple institutions in STAR, demonstrated that STAR can successfully reproduce many physics results from the AGS experiments. This helped convince the Brookhaven Program Advisory Committee (PAC) to include an official FXT program in BES-II, to be conducted in 2019-2021. Specifically, the PAC approved the collection of 100 million events each taken at eight different energies with STAR operating in the fixed-target configuration. This will extend BES-II to center-of-mass energies as low as 3.0 GeV per nucleon, nearly doubling the [mu][subscript B] reach of the BES program and thus broadening our search for interesting transition features in the phase diagram.
Author: Todd Adler Kinghorn Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
One of the goals of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Beam Energy Scan program is to explore whether signatures of the quark-gluon plasma can be turned off, search for a potential Quantum-Chromodynamic (QCD) critical point, as well as identify the phase transition between hadronic and partonic matter. This program ran from the years 2010 through 2014 and certain observables such as the directed flow of protons and higher moments of net-protons show features that may suggest some sort of transition to hadron-dominated matter below 20 GeV. The Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC (STAR) Fixed-Target program was created to extend center of mass energies below [square root sNN]= 7.7 GeV, down to [square root sNN]= 3.0 GeV, as these energies are not practical to do with colliding beams at RHIC. This will be crucial in the second phase of the Beam Energy Scan program, BES-II, as data from energies within this range may yield information of the phase transition. The capabilities of reconstructing interactions with a fixed-target geometry needed to be demonstrated for the future of the program in BES-II. In 2015, two test runs with a fixed-target geometry were done with the STAR detector; the first was Au + Au at [square root sNN] = 4.5 GeV and the second, a month later, was Al + Au at [square root sNN] = 4.9 GeV center-of-mass energy. This dissertation focuses on the asymmetric Al + Au collisions but will involve mentions of the Au + Au run. In this work, the spectra and rapidity density of [pi]− and p are measured at the top 0-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, and 25-30% most central collisions. In addition, the "stopping" for protons will be discussed.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
Two years ago, at the 12th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics held here in Snowbird, the authors presented WA80 limits on direct photon production in 200-GeV 32S + Au collisions. It was found that the results were consistent (within 1[sigma]) with the absence of an excess of photons over those that can be accounted for by the two-photon decay branches of [pi]° and [eta] mesons and by the small photon contributions from other radiative decays. They are in the process of finalizing the direct-photon production results from collisions of lead nuclei at 158 GeV/nucleon. The author briefly discusses the status of the analysis and gives some preliminary results at the end of this talk. However, most of this presentation is concerned with a very different aspect of the photon measurements: distributions of neutral pions. In contrast to direct photons which probe initial collision conditions, hadrons, such as neutral pions, interact strongly and decouple late in the reaction evolution and, thus, provide information concerning the system at freeze out. Transverse momentum spectra at low and intermediate p{sub T} relate to thermodynamic and hydrodynamic descriptions of the hot, dense systems. In addition, the high-p{sub T} region reflects the hard-scattering regime and may help one understand initial-state particle production by forming a bridge to proton-proton and proton-nucleus results. It follows that it is essential that the [pi]° measurements cover a large p{sub T} range.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309478561 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 153
Book Description
Understanding of protons and neutrons, or "nucleons"â€"the building blocks of atomic nucleiâ€"has advanced dramatically, both theoretically and experimentally, in the past half century. A central goal of modern nuclear physics is to understand the structure of the proton and neutron directly from the dynamics of their quarks and gluons governed by the theory of their interactions, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and how nuclear interactions between protons and neutrons emerge from these dynamics. With deeper understanding of the quark-gluon structure of matter, scientists are poised to reach a deeper picture of these building blocks, and atomic nuclei themselves, as collective many-body systems with new emergent behavior. The development of a U.S. domestic electron-ion collider (EIC) facility has the potential to answer questions that are central to completing an understanding of atoms and integral to the agenda of nuclear physics today. This study assesses the merits and significance of the science that could be addressed by an EIC, and its importance to nuclear physics in particular and to the physical sciences in general. It evaluates the significance of the science that would be enabled by the construction of an EIC, its benefits to U.S. leadership in nuclear physics, and the benefits to other fields of science of a U.S.-based EIC.
Author: Ugo Amaldi Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9783642230523 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
After a historical consideration of the types and evolution of accelerators the physics of particle beams is provided in detail. Topics dealt with comprise linear and nonlinear beam dynamics, collective phenomena in beams, and interactions of beams with the surroundings. The design and principles of synchrotrons, circular and linear colliders, and of linear accelerators are discussed next. Also technological aspects of accelerators (magnets, RF cavities, cryogenics, power supply, vacuum, beam instrumentation, injection and extraction) are reviewed, as well as accelerator operation (parameter control, beam feedback system, orbit correction, luminosity optimization). After introducing the largest accelerators and colliders of their times the application of accelerators and storage rings in industry, medicine, basic science, and energy research is discussed, including also synchrotron radiation sources and spallation sources. Finally, cosmic accelerators and an outlook for the future are given.
Author: John A. Eddy Publisher: Government Printing Office ISBN: 9780160838088 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 316
Book Description
" ... Concise explanations and descriptions - easily read and readily understood - of what we know of the chain of events and processes that connect the Sun to the Earth, with special emphasis on space weather and Sun-Climate."--Dear Reader.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309260434 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 263
Book Description
The principal goals of the study were to articulate the scientific rationale and objectives of the field and then to take a long-term strategic view of U.S. nuclear science in the global context for setting future directions for the field. Nuclear Physics: Exploring the Heart of Matter provides a long-term assessment of an outlook for nuclear physics. The first phase of the report articulates the scientific rationale and objectives of the field, while the second phase provides a global context for the field and its long-term priorities and proposes a framework for progress through 2020 and beyond. In the second phase of the study, also developing a framework for progress through 2020 and beyond, the committee carefully considered the balance between universities and government facilities in terms of research and workforce development and the role of international collaborations in leveraging future investments. Nuclear physics today is a diverse field, encompassing research that spans dimensions from a tiny fraction of the volume of the individual particles (neutrons and protons) in the atomic nucleus to the enormous scales of astrophysical objects in the cosmos. Nuclear Physics: Exploring the Heart of Matter explains the research objectives, which include the desire not only to better understand the nature of matter interacting at the nuclear level, but also to describe the state of the universe that existed at the big bang. This report explains how the universe can now be studied in the most advanced colliding-beam accelerators, where strong forces are the dominant interactions, as well as the nature of neutrinos.
Author: Kathryn Carson Meehan
Author: Kathryn Carson Meehan
Author: Todd Adler Kinghorn
Author: Stephen Alan Chessin
Author: 
Author: 
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: Ugo Amaldi
Author: John A. Eddy
Author: National Research Council
Author: Necia Grant Cooper