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Author: Kevin James Donnelly Publisher: ISBN: Category : Wheat Languages : en Pages : 268
Book Description
As indicator of the time of maximum grain dry weight accumulation (t[indice]max) and a better description of physiological processes associated with grain growth termination in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) should assist cultivar improvement programs. Several cultivars were compared to determine t[indice]max and its relationship to visual changes and physiological activities of spikes. Two cubic polymonial functions fitted to kernel dry weigth accumulation data estimated t[indice]max more objectively than single cubic or quadratic models or a mean superation test. Loss of green color from all spike parts was the best indicator of t[indice]max. Kernels from different portions of spikes generally reached t[indice]max within one day. Green tissue at the botton of spikes assimilated carbon and supplied assimilate to upper portions after they had lost green color. Kernels depended on sources of assimilate other than spikes during final stages of growth, since spike net photosynthesis reached zero prior to t[indice]max. Spike gross photosynthesis continued until t[indice]max, partially offseting respiration. Spike respiration continued after t[indice]max, but kernel weights did not always decline. Geen tissue at the base of the flag leaf assimilated carbon wich was translocated to kernels after t[indice]max. Winter wheat produces meny shoots which fail to develop grain-bearing spikes. An understanding of the physiology of spikelles shoots and their influence on grain yields may suggest potential for cultivar improvement. Distribution of 14C-labelled assimilate from late-emerging tillers was monitored. The effects of tiller removal treatments and tiller development and survival patterns were also evaluated. When spikelless tillers were labelled with 14CO2 at jointing, over 50% of the label recovered at maturity was in parts other that the labelled tiller. Kernels contained less than 10%. The importance of kernels as a sink increased with later labelling and under stress. Some translocation occurred within 48 hours. Removal of small shoots at jointing decreased grain yields by decreasing kernel numbers. Shoot survival was positively correlated with spike and kernel numbers per unit area and grain yield. Lower-yielding cultivars with lower shoot survival invested more in larger shoots wich failed to produce spikes. Therefore, the positive contibution of spikeless shoots suggested by the 14CO2-labelling and tiller removal studies may not have compensated for the plants investiment in them.
Author: Kevin James Donnelly Publisher: ISBN: Category : Wheat Languages : en Pages : 268
Book Description
As indicator of the time of maximum grain dry weight accumulation (t[indice]max) and a better description of physiological processes associated with grain growth termination in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) should assist cultivar improvement programs. Several cultivars were compared to determine t[indice]max and its relationship to visual changes and physiological activities of spikes. Two cubic polymonial functions fitted to kernel dry weigth accumulation data estimated t[indice]max more objectively than single cubic or quadratic models or a mean superation test. Loss of green color from all spike parts was the best indicator of t[indice]max. Kernels from different portions of spikes generally reached t[indice]max within one day. Green tissue at the botton of spikes assimilated carbon and supplied assimilate to upper portions after they had lost green color. Kernels depended on sources of assimilate other than spikes during final stages of growth, since spike net photosynthesis reached zero prior to t[indice]max. Spike gross photosynthesis continued until t[indice]max, partially offseting respiration. Spike respiration continued after t[indice]max, but kernel weights did not always decline. Geen tissue at the base of the flag leaf assimilated carbon wich was translocated to kernels after t[indice]max. Winter wheat produces meny shoots which fail to develop grain-bearing spikes. An understanding of the physiology of spikelles shoots and their influence on grain yields may suggest potential for cultivar improvement. Distribution of 14C-labelled assimilate from late-emerging tillers was monitored. The effects of tiller removal treatments and tiller development and survival patterns were also evaluated. When spikelless tillers were labelled with 14CO2 at jointing, over 50% of the label recovered at maturity was in parts other that the labelled tiller. Kernels contained less than 10%. The importance of kernels as a sink increased with later labelling and under stress. Some translocation occurred within 48 hours. Removal of small shoots at jointing decreased grain yields by decreasing kernel numbers. Shoot survival was positively correlated with spike and kernel numbers per unit area and grain yield. Lower-yielding cultivars with lower shoot survival invested more in larger shoots wich failed to produce spikes. Therefore, the positive contibution of spikeless shoots suggested by the 14CO2-labelling and tiller removal studies may not have compensated for the plants investiment in them.
Author: E H Satorre Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9781560228745 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 544
Book Description
Discussing the latest processes involved in researching yield generation, Wheat: Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination will help you design various types of crop production systems for maximum yield. Featuring information on developing high-yielding, low-input, and quality-oriented systems, this book offers you both physiological and ecological approaches that will help you understand the crop as well as increase its production. Discussing aspects of wheat growth for specific regions around the world, Wheat provides you with information that will improve the size and quality of your crops, including: how temperature, vernalization, and the photoperiod affect the development of wheat using the correct amount of nitrogen fertilizers for wheat crops an explanation of the reproduction and nitrogen cycles of wheat how elements and conditions such as lipids, proteins, nitrogen, and climate enhance grain quality estimating and determining optimal sowing dates examining factors that may affect wheat yield-density relationships, such as planting arrangement and date of sowing preventing seed decay and examining effects of mildews and leaf blights examining historical trends of the crop to see what further research needs to be done You'll also receive information on the genetic gains in wheat research that are improving the physiological traits and numerical components of this essential grain. Within Wheat, you'll find data and methods from international experts in the field that will improve the yield and growth of the world's most important crop.
Author: Victor Sadras Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128191953 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 780
Book Description
Crop Physiology: Case Histories of Major Crops updates the physiology of broad-acre crops with a focus on the genetic, environmental and management drivers of development, capture and efficiency in the use of radiation, water and nutrients, the formation of yield and aspects of quality. These physiological process are presented in a double context of challenges and solutions. The challenges to increase plant-based food, fodder, fiber and energy against the backdrop of population increase, climate change, dietary choices and declining public funding for research and development in agriculture are unprecedented and urgent. The proximal technological solutions to these challenges are genetic improvement and agronomy. Hence, the premise of the book is that crop physiology is most valuable when it engages meaningfully with breeding and agronomy. With contributions from 92 leading scientists from around the world, each chapter deals with a crop: maize, rice, wheat, barley, sorghum and oat; quinoa; soybean, field pea, chickpea, peanut, common bean, lentil, lupin and faba bean; sunflower and canola; potato, cassava, sugar beet and sugarcane; and cotton. A crop-based approach to crop physiology in a G x E x M context Captures the perspectives of global experts on 22 crops
Author: Robert K. M. Hay Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell ISBN: 1405108592 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 330
Book Description
First published in 1989, Physiology of Crop Yield was the first student textbook to digest and assimilate the many advances in crop physiology, within a framework of resource capture and use. Retaining the central core of the first edition, this long-awaited second edition draws on recent developments in areas such as phenology, canopy dynamics and crop modelling, and the concepts of sustainable crop production. A broad perspective is developed, from the gene through the plant and crop to the ecosystem, covering: Advances in molecular biology relating to crop science Limitation of crop yield by the supply of water or nitrogen Global climate change and its impact on crop modelling Physiological aspects of crop quality A wider range of species, with emphasis on wheat, maize and soybean This book will be a valuable tool for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of agricultural science, plant science, applied ecology and environmental science. It will be an essential addition to all libraries in universities and relevant research establishments.
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Publisher: Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) ISBN: Category : Bread Languages : en Pages : 576
Book Description
Wheat is the most widely grown cereal crop in the world, with an ever increasing demand. It plays a fundamental role in food security, and a major challenge is to meet the additional requirements with new cultivars and improved cropping technologies. This book covers information from a number of international experts on the current status of research on wheat improvement and production (wheat breeding programs and genetics), as well as on other aspects (including wheat diseases), from its evolutionary origins to seed production technologies. [from the FAO website]
Author: Shabir H Wani Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030595773 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 296
Book Description
World population is growing at an alarming rate and may exceed 9.7 billion by 2050, whereas agricultural productivity has been negatively affected due to yield limiting factors such as biotic and abiotic stresses as a result of global climate change. Wheat is a staple crop for ~20% of the world population and its yield needs be augmented correspondingly in order to satisfy the demands of our increasing world population. “Green revolution”, the introduction of semi-dwarf, high yielding wheat varieties along with improved agronomic management practices, gave rise to a substantial increase in wheat production and self-sufficiency in developing countries that include Mexico, India and other south Asian countries. Since the late 1980’s, however, wheat yield is at a standoff with little fluctuation. The current trend is thus insufficient to meet the demands of an increasing world population. Therefore, while conventional breeding has had a great impact on wheat yield, with climate change becoming a reality, newer molecular breeding and management tools are needed to meet the goal of improving wheat yield for the future. With the advance in our understanding of the wheat genome and more importantly, the role of environmental interactions on productivity, the idea of genomic selection has been proposed to select for multi-genic quantitative traits early in the breeding cycle. Accordingly genomic selection may remodel wheat breeding with gain that is predicted to be 3 to 5 times that of crossbreeding. Phenomics (high-throughput phenotyping) is another fairly recent advancement using contemporary sensors for wheat germplasm screening and as a selection tool. Lastly, CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein mediated genome editing technology has been successfully utilized for efficient and specific genome editing of hexaploid bread wheat. In summary, there has been exciting progresses in the development of non-GM wheat plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stress and/or wheat with improved nutritional quality. We believe it is important to highlight these novel research accomplishments for a broader audience, with the hope that our readers will ultimately adopt these powerful technologies for crops improvement in order to meet the demands of an expanding world population.
Author: Kevin James Donnelly
Author: Kevin James Donnelly
Author: E H Satorre
Author: Abdul Latief Ali Al-Ghzawi
Author: James Malcolm Monaghan
Author: Victor Sadras
Author: Robert K. M. Hay
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Author: Donald William Puckridge
Author: Shabir H Wani
Author: Derek Byerlee