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Author: Joanna Jo Ean Chye Publisher: ISBN: Category : Catalysis Languages : en Pages : 91
Book Description
Propylene is widely used in industry as a starting material for many downstream petrochemical productions in particular polypropylene. It is produced by catalytic dehydrogenation process near atmospheric pressure and 580-650 °C over Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst. However, there are also many undesired reactions occur notably formation of carbon due to high temperature hydrocarbon decomposition. Physicochemical characters including element quantity and quality, nature, morphology, structure and location of coke deposited on used Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst were studied by several characterization techniques i.e. Liquid Nitrogen Physisorption, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). XPS analysis detected the constituents of the catalyst and also other elements i.e. K, S, Cl and Fe. FTIR identified the presents of various hydrocarbon species particularly dehydrogenated species; olefins and aromatics while crystallite pre-graphite which indicates the coke was detected by XRD. FESEM images also proved the presents of coke in amorphous, whiskers-like form. BET surface for coked catalyst was only 78.943 m2 g-1. The coke formed was altered by Sn promoter towards the bulk alumina support as discovered by TGA. Subsequently, for carbon removal analysis, the highest gasification obtained as oxygen and followed by air. Nitrogen gasified coke with the lowest rate and the activation energy for nitrogen is higher than oxygen and air. Air is suitable gasifying agent as it can removed carbon content like oxygen but in a mild condition with lower heat released. Different heating ramps did not affect the gasification mechanism.
Author: Joanna Jo Ean Chye Publisher: ISBN: Category : Catalysis Languages : en Pages : 91
Book Description
Propylene is widely used in industry as a starting material for many downstream petrochemical productions in particular polypropylene. It is produced by catalytic dehydrogenation process near atmospheric pressure and 580-650 °C over Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst. However, there are also many undesired reactions occur notably formation of carbon due to high temperature hydrocarbon decomposition. Physicochemical characters including element quantity and quality, nature, morphology, structure and location of coke deposited on used Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst were studied by several characterization techniques i.e. Liquid Nitrogen Physisorption, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). XPS analysis detected the constituents of the catalyst and also other elements i.e. K, S, Cl and Fe. FTIR identified the presents of various hydrocarbon species particularly dehydrogenated species; olefins and aromatics while crystallite pre-graphite which indicates the coke was detected by XRD. FESEM images also proved the presents of coke in amorphous, whiskers-like form. BET surface for coked catalyst was only 78.943 m2 g-1. The coke formed was altered by Sn promoter towards the bulk alumina support as discovered by TGA. Subsequently, for carbon removal analysis, the highest gasification obtained as oxygen and followed by air. Nitrogen gasified coke with the lowest rate and the activation energy for nitrogen is higher than oxygen and air. Air is suitable gasifying agent as it can removed carbon content like oxygen but in a mild condition with lower heat released. Different heating ramps did not affect the gasification mechanism.
Author: Kah Sing Ho Publisher: ISBN: Category : Catalysts Languages : en Pages : 76
Book Description
The problems faced in propane dehydrogenation, PDH process are lack of information on the commercially obtained Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst and formation of coke. Therefore, this research deals with characterization of regenerated Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst obtained from PDH plant and coke formation during propane dehydrogenation process at different temperature. Analyses of these characteristics were performed using nitrogen adsorption method, X-Ray Diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Effect of temperatures on coke formation is identified by studying the fraction of products formed over the catalyst using Temperature Programmed Reaction. XPS was able to pick up traces of carbon in regenerated catalyst with percentage of atomic composition of 7.750%. FTIR had suggested that most of the carbon exist in the form of alkane and alkene where ethylene and methane records the highest fraction of side products formed by TPR. The regenerated Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst has a surface area of 103.554 m2/g and mean pore radius of 12.695 nm with highest crystallite sizes of 20.0 nm. As for the effect of temperature towards coke formation, more carbon precursors were produced at higher temperature suggesting that more coke will be formed on the catalyst resulting in less propylene formed at higher temperatures. Spent catalyst yields a lower surface area of 78.943 m2/g and means pore radius of 10.151 nm compared to regenerated catalyst. Besides, the coke formed on the catalyst forms a crystal which was detected by XRD with its size of 25.7 nm. The increment of carbon content in the spent catalyst was traced by XPS where the percentage of atomic concentration increased to 31.75%.
Author: M. Guisnet Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 1848166370 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 359
Book Description
In chemical processes, the progressive deactivation of solid catalysts is a major economic concern and mastering their stability has become as essential as controlling their activity and selectivity. For these reasons, there is a strong motivation to understand the mechanisms leading to any loss in activity and/or selectivity and to find out the efficient preventive measures and regenerative solutions that open the way towards cheaper and cleaner processes. This book covers in a comprehensive way both the fundamental and applied aspects of solid catalyst deactivation and encompasses the state-of-the-art in the field of reactions catalyzed by zeolites. This particular choice is justified by the widespread use of molecular sieves in refining, petrochemicals and organic chemicals synthesis processes, by the large variety in the nature of their active sites (acid, base, acid-base, redox, bifunctional) and especially by their peculiar features, in terms of crystallinity, structural order and textural properties, which make them ideal models for heterogeneous catalysis. The aim of this book is to be a critical review in the field of zeolite deactivation and regeneration, by collecting a series of contributions by experts in the field which describe the factors, explain the techniques to study the causes and suggest methods to prevent (or limit) catalyst deactivation. At the same time, an anthology of commercial processes and exemplar cases provides the reader with theoretical insights and practical hints on the deactivation mechanisms and draws attention to the key role played by the loss of activity on process design and industrial practice.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Engineering Languages : en Pages : 2264
Book Description
Since its creation in 1884, Engineering Index has covered virtually every major engineering innovation from around the world. It serves as the historical record of virtually every major engineering innovation of the 20th century. Recent content is a vital resource for current awareness, new production information, technological forecasting and competitive intelligence. The world?s most comprehensive interdisciplinary engineering database, Engineering Index contains over 10.7 million records. Each year, over 500,000 new abstracts are added from over 5,000 scholarly journals, trade magazines, and conference proceedings. Coverage spans over 175 engineering disciplines from over 80 countries. Updated weekly.
Author: David A. Bell Publisher: William Andrew ISBN: 1437778518 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 414
Book Description
Skyrocketing energy costs have spurred renewed interest in coal gasification. Currently available information on this subject needs to be updated, however, and focused on specific coals and end products. For example, carbon capture and sequestration, previously given little attention, now has a prominent role in coal conversion processes.This book approaches coal gasification and related technologies from a process engineering point of view, with topics chosen to aid the process engineer who is interested in a complete, coal-to-products system. It provides a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of coal conversion processes.The first topic describes the nature and availability of coal. Next, the fundamentals of gasification are described, followed by a description of gasification technologies and gas cleaning processes. The conversion of syngas to electricity, fuels and chemicals is then discussed. Finally, process economics are covered. Emphasis is given to the selection of gasification technology based on the type of coal fed to the gasifier and desired end product: E.g., lower temperature gasifiers produce substantial quantities of methane, which is undesirable in an ammonia synthesis feed. This book also reviews gasification kinetics which is informed by recent papers and process design studies by the US Department of Energy and other groups, and also largely ignored by other gasification books.• Approaches coal gasification and related technologies from a process engineering point of view, providing a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of coal conversion processes • Describes the fundamentals of gasification, gasification technologies, and gas cleaning processes • Emphasizes the importance of the coal types fed to the gasifier and desired end products • Covers gasification kinetics, which was largely ignored by other gasification books - Provides a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of the coal conversion processes - Describes the fundamentals of gasification, gasification technologies, and gas cleaning processes - Covers gasification kinetics, which was largely ignored by other gasification books
Author: José Luis Pinilla Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3036510745 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 134
Book Description
Developing active, selective and energy-efficient heterogeneous catalysts is of paramount importance for the production of high value-added products from energy resources in a more sustainable manner. In this Special Issue of Energies, we provide a showcase of the latest progress in the development of cleaner, more efficient processes for the conversion of these feedstocks into valuable fuels, chemicals and energy. Most of the works collected are focused on the conversion of biomass which clearly reflects the paramount importance that the biorefinery concept will play in the years to come.
Author: Gerhard Ertl Publisher: Wiley-VCH ISBN: 9783527312412 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 4270
Book Description
Now in 8 volumes, the completely revised and expanded second edition of this much-cited handbook collates the knowledge available on heterogeneous catalysis, providing easy-to-find yet comprehensive information. The new edition contains some 80% more material and takes into account the latest developments in the field, making it still the most up-to-date compendium in heterogeneous catalysis. More than 300 leading experts -- a veritable "Who's Who" in catalysis -- contributed to this unrivalled masterpiece, covering all aspects of the subject, from the physico-chemical foundations to large-scale industrial applications. With its straightforward presentation, this is an essential and indispensable tool for every scientist working in this area.
Author: Jean-Baptiste Donnet Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 135146261X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 484
Book Description
The second edition of this reference provides comprehensive examinations of developments in the processing and applications of carbon black, including the use of new analytical tools such as scanning tunnelling microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inverse gas chromatography.;Completely rewritten and updated by numerous experts in the field to reflect the enormous growth of the field since the publication of the previous edition, Carbon Black: discusses the mechanism of carbon black formation based on recent advances such as the discovery of fullerenes; elucidates micro- and macrostructure morphology and other physical characteristics; outlines the fractal geometry of carbon black as a new approach to characterization; reviews the effect of carbon black on the electrical and thermal conductivity of filled polymers; delineates the applications of carbon black in elastomers, plastics, and zerographic toners; and surveys possible health consequences of exposure to carbon black.;With over 1200 literature citations, tables, and figures, this resource is intended for physical, polymer, surface and colloid chemists; chemical and plastics engineers; spectroscopists; materials scientists; occupational safety and health physicians; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.
Author: Joanna Jo Ean Chye
Author: Joanna Jo Ean Chye
Author: Kah Sing Ho
Author: 
Author: 
Author: M. Guisnet
Author: 
Author: David A. Bell
Author: José Luis Pinilla
Author: Gerhard Ertl
Author: Jean-Baptiste Donnet