Phylogenetics and Systematics of the Millipede Genus Brachycybe Wood, 1864 (Platydesmida: Andrognathidae) PDF Download
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Author: Chad Lee Spruill Publisher: ISBN: Category : Andrognathidae Languages : en Pages : 59
Book Description
The genus Brachycybe Wood, 1864 (Platydesmida: Andrognathidae) belongs to an ancient millipede lineage that has persisted since the Miocene. The group displays a Holarctic distribution with species in the eastern Nearctic, western Nearctic, and eastern Palaearctic. Like many millipede groups, its taxonomy to date has been based solely on morphology, which may under represent species richness by ignoring cryptic species. Here we present the first phylogenetic analyses for Brachycybe based on molecular data obtained from the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase 1 and cytochrome b. Standard phylogenetic methods were used to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of the group. Using the internal phylogenetic framework, we evaluated geographic associations among clades; species boundaries were evaluated using the cohesion species concept. The application of molecular phylogenetics, phylogeographic methods, and the cohesion species concept to the genus Brachycybe is used to evaluate its species diversity. The mitochondrial genome of Brachycybe lecontii Wood, 1864 (Platydesmida: Andrognathidae) is also presented here along with the phylogeny of Myriapoda, produced using the amino acid sequences from the entire mitochondrial genome. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Brachycybe lecontii comprises 15,465 base pairs and includes 13 protein-encoding genes, 21 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and two large non coding regions that are approximately 436 and 464 bp in length. The genome is uncharacteristic of typical Diplopods and varies dramatically from other sequenced members of the Arthropoda. The unique gene synteny is novel among others because of the rearrangement of two protein coding genes (nad1 and nad5) along with their retained transcriptional polarity. The phylogeny produced from these data recover the monophyly of the Myriapoda classes. However, support values within the Diplopoda are low, possibly due to the inclusion of atp8 in the analysis. This will have important implications for taxonomic research because it will expand the growing bank of complete millipede mitochondrial genomes, allow more robust phylogenetic analyses, and aid in the development of more genetic markers and consequently larger nucleotide datasets.
Author: Chad Lee Spruill Publisher: ISBN: Category : Andrognathidae Languages : en Pages : 59
Book Description
The genus Brachycybe Wood, 1864 (Platydesmida: Andrognathidae) belongs to an ancient millipede lineage that has persisted since the Miocene. The group displays a Holarctic distribution with species in the eastern Nearctic, western Nearctic, and eastern Palaearctic. Like many millipede groups, its taxonomy to date has been based solely on morphology, which may under represent species richness by ignoring cryptic species. Here we present the first phylogenetic analyses for Brachycybe based on molecular data obtained from the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase 1 and cytochrome b. Standard phylogenetic methods were used to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of the group. Using the internal phylogenetic framework, we evaluated geographic associations among clades; species boundaries were evaluated using the cohesion species concept. The application of molecular phylogenetics, phylogeographic methods, and the cohesion species concept to the genus Brachycybe is used to evaluate its species diversity. The mitochondrial genome of Brachycybe lecontii Wood, 1864 (Platydesmida: Andrognathidae) is also presented here along with the phylogeny of Myriapoda, produced using the amino acid sequences from the entire mitochondrial genome. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Brachycybe lecontii comprises 15,465 base pairs and includes 13 protein-encoding genes, 21 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and two large non coding regions that are approximately 436 and 464 bp in length. The genome is uncharacteristic of typical Diplopods and varies dramatically from other sequenced members of the Arthropoda. The unique gene synteny is novel among others because of the rearrangement of two protein coding genes (nad1 and nad5) along with their retained transcriptional polarity. The phylogeny produced from these data recover the monophyly of the Myriapoda classes. However, support values within the Diplopoda are low, possibly due to the inclusion of atp8 in the analysis. This will have important implications for taxonomic research because it will expand the growing bank of complete millipede mitochondrial genomes, allow more robust phylogenetic analyses, and aid in the development of more genetic markers and consequently larger nucleotide datasets.
Author: Alessandro Minelli Publisher: BRILL ISBN: 9004188274 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 508
Book Description
Myriapods are the only major zoological group for which a modern encyclopedic treatment has never been produced. In particular, this was the single major gap in the largest zoological treatise of the XIX century (Grassé’s Traité de Zoologie), whose publication has recently been stopped. The two volumes of “The Myriapoda” fill that gap with an updated treatment in the English language. Volume II deals with the Diplopoda or millipedes. As in the previous volume, the treatment is articulated in chapters dealing with external and internal morphology, physiology, reproduction, development, distribution, ecology, phylogeny and taxonomy. All currently recognized suprageneric taxa and a very large selection of the genera are considered. All groups and features are extensively illustrated by line drawings and micrographs and living specimens of representative species of the main groups are presented in color photographs.
Author: J. Michael Parrish Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN: 0253009472 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 313
Book Description
Drawn from a 2005 international symposium, these essays explore current tyrannosaurid current research and discoveries regarding Tyrannosaurus rex. The opening of an exhibit focused on “Jane,” a beautifully preserved tyrannosaur collected by the Burpee Museum of Natural History, was the occasion for an international symposium on tyrannosaur paleobiology. This volume, drawn from the symposium, includes studies of the tyrannosaurids Chingkankousaurus fragilis and “Sir William” and the generic status of Nanotyrannus; theropod teeth, pedal proportions, brain size, and craniocervical function; soft tissue reconstruction, including that of “Jane”; paleopathology and tyrannosaurid claws; dating the “Jane” site; and tyrannosaur feeding and hunting strategies. Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology highlights the far ranging and vital state of current tyrannosaurid dinosaur research and discovery. “Despite being discovered over 100 years ago, Tyrannosaurus rex and its kin still inspire researchers to ask fundamental questions about what the best known dinosaur was like as a living, breathing animal. Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology present a series of wide-ranging and innovative studies that cover diverse topics such as how tyrannosaurs attacked and dismembered prey, the shapes and sizes of feet and brains, and what sorts of injuries individuals sustained and lived with. There are also examinations of the diversity of tyrannosaurs, determinations of exactly when different kinds lived and died, and what goes into making a museum exhibit featuring tyrannosaurs. This volume clearly shows that there is much more to the study of dinosaurs than just digging up and cataloguing old bones.” —Donald M. Henderson, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
Author: Alessandro Minelli Publisher: BRILL ISBN: 9004156119 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 547
Book Description
"The Myriapoda” is the first comprehensive monograph ever on all aspects of myriapod biology, including external and internal morphology, physiology, reproduction, development, distribution, ecology, phylogeny and taxonomy. It is thus of major interest for all zoologists and soil biologists.
Author: Trevor R. Hodkinson Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1139500473 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 543
Book Description
Climate change has shaped life in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Understanding the interactions between climate and biodiversity is a complex challenge to science. With contributions from 60 key researchers, this book examines the ongoing impact of climate change on the ecology and diversity of life on earth. It discusses the latest research within the fields of ecology and systematics, highlighting the increasing integration of their approaches and methods. Topics covered include the influence of climate change on evolutionary and ecological processes such as adaptation, migration, speciation and extinction, and the role of these processes in determining the diversity and biogeographic distribution of species and their populations. This book ultimately illustrates the necessity for global conservation actions to mitigate the effects of climate change in a world that is already undergoing a biodiversity crisis of unprecedented scale.
Author: Patrik Nosil Publisher: OUP Oxford ISBN: 0191628026 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 304
Book Description
The origin of biological diversity, via the formation of new species, can be inextricably linked to adaptation to the ecological environment. Specifically, ecological processes are central to the formation of new species when barriers to gene flow (reproductive isolation) evolve between populations as a result of ecologically-based divergent natural selection. This process of 'ecological speciation' has seen a large body of particularly focused research in the last 10-15 years, and a review and synthesis of the theoretical and empirical literature is now timely. The book begins by clarifying what ecological speciation is, its alternatives, and the predictions that can be used to test for it. It then reviews the three components of ecological speciation and discusses the geography and genomic basis of the process. A final chapter highlights future research directions, describing the approaches and experiments which might be used to conduct that future work. The ecological and genetic literature is integrated throughout the text with the goal of shedding new insight into the speciation process, particularly when the empirical data is then further integrated with theory.
Author: David Posada Publisher: Humana Press ISBN: 9781588299109 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 354
Book Description
The recent accumulation of information from genomes, including their sequences, has resultednotonlyinnewattemptstoansweroldquestionsandsolvelongstandingissues inbiology,butalsointheformulationofnovelhypothesesthatarisepreciselyfromthis wealth of data. The storage, processing, description, transmission, connection, and analysis of these data has prompted bioinformatics to become one the most relevant applied sciences for this new century, walking hand-in-hand with modern molecular biology and clearly impacting areas like biotechnology and biomedicine. Bioinformatics skills have now become essential for many scientists working with DNA sequences. With this idea in mind, this book aims to provide practical guidance andtroubleshootingadviceforthecomputationalanalysisofDNAsequences,covering a range of issues and methods that unveil the multitude of applications and relevance that Bioinformatics has today. The analysis of protein sequences has been purposely excludedtogainfocus.Individualbookchaptersareorientedtowardthedescriptionof theuseofspecificbioinformaticstools,accompaniedbypracticalexamples,adiscussion on the interpretation of results, and specific comments on strengths and limitations of the methods and tools. In a sense, chapters could be seen as enriched task-oriented manuals that will direct the reader in completing specific bioinformatics analyses. The target audience for this book is biochemists, and molecular and evolutionary biologiststhatwanttolearnhowtoanalyzeDNAsequencesinasimplebutmeaningful fashion. Readers do not need a special background in statistics, mathematics, or computer science, just a basic knowledge of molecular biology and genetics. All the tools described in the book are free and all of them can be downloaded or accessed throughtheweb.Mostchapterscouldbeusedforpracticaladvancedundergraduateor graduate-level courses in bioinformatics and molecular evolution.
Author: Roger Butlin Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521709637 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 346
Book Description
The diversity of species of plants and animals is the net result of the origin of new species by the splitting of existing lineages (speciation) and the loss of species through extinction. Why there are more species in some groups of organisms, in some places or at some times depends on the balance of these processes. This book explores the interaction between mechanisms and rates of speciation and these patterns of biological diversity, and is unusual in that it brings together the viewpoints of ecologists interested in the processes that generate patterns of diversity and evolutionary biologists who focus on mechanisms of speciation. It is intended to stimulate dialogue between these groups and so promote a more complete understanding of biological diversity.
Author: Chad Lee Spruill
Author: Chad Lee Spruill
Author: Alessandro Minelli
Author: J. Michael Parrish
Author: Alessandro Minelli
Author: Trevor R. Hodkinson
Author: David W. Alsop
Author: Patrik Nosil
Author: Robert Cyril Stebbins
Author: David Posada
Author: Roger Butlin