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Author: Pramod Rastogi Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1466598328 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 364
Book Description
This book covers the essentials of phase-stepping algorithms used in interferometry and pseudointerferometric techniques. It presents the basic concepts and mathematics needed for understanding modern phase estimation methods. The book first focuses on phase retrieval from image transforms using a single frame. It then examines the local environment of a fringe pattern, the phase estimation approach based on local polynomial phase modeling, temporal high-resolution phase evaluation methods, and methods of phase unwrapping. It also discusses experimental imperfections liable to adversely influence the accuracy of phase measurements.
Author: Pramod Rastogi Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1466598328 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 364
Book Description
This book covers the essentials of phase-stepping algorithms used in interferometry and pseudointerferometric techniques. It presents the basic concepts and mathematics needed for understanding modern phase estimation methods. The book first focuses on phase retrieval from image transforms using a single frame. It then examines the local environment of a fringe pattern, the phase estimation approach based on local polynomial phase modeling, temporal high-resolution phase evaluation methods, and methods of phase unwrapping. It also discusses experimental imperfections liable to adversely influence the accuracy of phase measurements.
Author: Jaspreet Sahota Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Quantum-enhanced interferometers utilize non-classical states of light in order to surpass the limitations imposed by classical physics on phase measurement sensitivity and resolution. We review key scientific developments in this growing field of research and derive fundamental metrology concepts, namely the Cram\'{e}r-Rao bound and the Fisher information, which are used to analyze the metrological performance of quantum states of light. We propose a supersensitive quantum interferometry protocol that can be amplified to the macroscopic realm (i.e. the mean number of photons of the probe state can reach approximately 100,000 photons) using contemporary techniques of spontaneous parametric down conversion. The parity measurement on the output field asymptotically saturates the quantum Cram\'{e}r-Rao bound, which scales like the Heisenberg limit. We uncover the role of photon statistics on phase sensitivity and rule out the necessity of mode entanglement for quantum-enhanced interferometry. Based on these insights we outline a practical metrology technique (independent of mode entanglement) that measures a phase delay of a single-mode anti-squeezing operation. This scheme can also be scaled macroscopically using contemporary techniques and is shown to significantly surpass the shot-noise limit (SNL) in the presence of realistic losses. Finally, the physical resources that enable quantum-enhanced interferometry is studied by analyzing the quantum Fisher information (QFI) using the first quantization and the second quantization formalisms of quantum mechanics. It is shown that increasing the intra-mode correlations of an interferometer (as quantified by the second order Glauber coherence function) can be conducive to attaining a quantum advantage in phase estimation; whereas, introducing mode entanglement can reduce phase sensitivity. Using the first quantization description, we derive a formula for the QFI that shows explicitly how the Heisenberg scaling term depends on particle entanglement.
Author: Pramod Rastogi Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 146659831X Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 370
Book Description
Phase Estimation in Optical Interferometry covers the essentials of phase-stepping algorithms used in interferometry and pseudointerferometric techniques. It presents the basic concepts and mathematics needed for understanding the phase estimation methods in use today. The first four chapters focus on phase retrieval from image transforms using a single frame. The next several chapters examine the local environment of a fringe pattern, give a broad picture of the phase estimation approach based on local polynomial phase modeling, cover temporal high-resolution phase evaluation methods, and present methods of phase unwrapping. The final chapter discusses experimental imperfections that are liable to adversely influence the accuracy of phase measurements. Responding to the push for the deployment of novel technologies and fast-evolving techniques, this book provides a framework for understanding various modern phase estimation methods. It also helps readers get a comparative view of the performance and limitations of the approaches.
Author: Wesley E. Farriss Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 191
Book Description
"Coherent optical interferometry has a long history of enabling extremely precise measurements at length scales of less than the wavelength of light used in the interferometer. It is the ability of these systems to measure both the relative phase and amplitude information of the optical field that makes them so useful. As the name would imply, measuring phase and amplitude is accomplished by interfering two or more beams of light. Interferometric techniques have been adopted for use in both imaging/sensing technologies. For imaging systems under ideal conditions, the ability to measure both phase and amplitude information in one transverse plane allows for the calculation of that field's phase and amplitude distribution in any other transverse plane. However, the presence of atmospheric turbulence unpredictably alters the index of refraction in the propagation medium thereby adversely affecting the reliability of calculation of phase and amplitude in other transverse planes. To address this problem, we demonstrate iterative sharpness maximization (ISM) correction of anisoplanatic turbulence effects in simulated range-compressed holography (RCH) fields and their corresponding range images. Our turbulence correction estimated four phase screens placed along the path of optical propagation using nonlinear optimizations aided by the method of sieves technique. We conducted a study of range images created from simulated single speckle realization 3D RCH fields subjected to twenty different turbulence profiles at five different strengths of turbulence, D/r0 = 7, 14, 21, 28, and 36. Range images showed significant improvement for all strengths of turbulence. To assist in correction, we introduced a novel constraint limiting the spread of energy in the corrected pupil. Corrected range images were qualitatively very similar to unaberrated range images in all but the most severe turbulence case, D/r0 = 36. Additionally, our algorithm was tested for fields affected by shot noise. Mean target photons per speckle ranged from 10 -2 to 10 2 in these simulations. For an effective D/r0 = 36, range images corrected from fields with 102 mean photons per speckle had very similar RMSE when compared to corrected noiseless range images. On average, corrected range images created from fields with 1 mean target photon per speckle differed by less than 5% RMSE from noiseless corrected range images. We went on to construct a RCH system in a laboratory setting using a linear frequency modulated CW laser and a high frame rate camera which allowed us to create 3D images of laboratory targets. Data was collected both with and without the effects of turbulence. In the former, multiple Lexitek turbulence screens were used to aberrate the image fields of our lab target at two different effective strengths of anisoplanatic turbulence, D/r0 = 7 and D/r0 = 16, respectively. Both of these sets of real aberrated image fields showed profound improvement in quality after correction with our phase ISM turbulence mitigation algorithm. Novel interferometric systems are also being developed which enable modal analysis of an optical field. This generalized optical interferometry (GOI) treats coherent optical fields as a linear superposition of transverse modes and recovers the amplitudes of modal weighting coefficients. In order to maximize the utility of these systems, we used phase retrieval by nonlinear optimization to recover the phase of these modal weighting coefficients. Algorithms were developed both for use with an array detector and for use with a bucket detector. Information diversity increased the robustness of both algorithms by better constraining the solutions. In our array detection phase retrieval, the algorithm was able to recover nearly all coefficient phases for simulated fields consisting of up to 21 superpositioned Hermite Gaussian modes from simulated data and proved to be resilient to shot noise. Similarly, the algorithm we developed using data from a simulated bucket detector was able to consistently recover better than 95% of coefficient phases for simulated random fields consisting of up to 21 superpositioned Hermite Gaussian modes using between three and seven measurements per unknown phase coefficient. With shot noise, the algorithm achieved performance on par with noiseless simulations with 106 mean signal photons per measurement. The role played by number of measurements per unknown (mpu), photons per unknown per measurement (ppu), and order of superposition in the bucket detection algorithm's performance was also explored"--Pages xvi-xix
Author: Alexandr Banishev Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 9535129554 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 262
Book Description
Optical methods of measurements are the most sensitive techniques of noncontact investigations, and at the same time, they are fast as well as accurate which increases reproducibility of observed results. In recent years, the importance of optical interferometry methods for research has dramatically increased, and applications range from precise surface testing to finding extrasolar planets. This book covers various aspects of optical interferometry including descriptions of novel apparatuses and methods, application interferometry for studying biological objects, surface qualities, materials characterization, and optical testing. The book includes a series of chapters in which experts share recent progress in interferometry through original research and literature reviews.
Author: P. Hariharan Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080473644 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 368
Book Description
When the first edition of Optical Interferometry was published, interferometry was regarded as a rather esoteric method of making measurements, largely confined to the laboratory. Today, however, besides its use in several fields of research, it has applications in fields as diverse as measurement of length and velocity, sensors for rotation, acceleration, vibration and electrical and magnetic fields, as well as in microscopy and nanotechnology. Most topics are discussed first at a level accessible to anyone with a basic knowledge of physical optics, then a more detailed treatment of the topic is undertaken, and finally each topic is supplemented by a reference list of more than 1000 selected original publications in total. - Historical development of interferometry - The laser as a light source - Two-beam interference - Techniques for frequency stabilization - Coherence - Electronic phase measurements - Multiple-beam interference - Quantum effects in optical interference - Extensive coverage of the applications of interferometry, such as measurements of length, optical testing, interference microscopy, interference spectroscopy, Fourier-transform spectroscopy, interferometric sensors, nonlinear interferometers, stellar interferometry, and studies of space-time and gravitation
Author: Daniel Malacara Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0471484040 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 882
Book Description
The purpose of this third edition is to bring together in a single book descriptions of all tests carried out in the optical shop that are applicable to optical components and systems. This book is intended for the specialist as well as the non-specialist engaged in optical shop testing. There is currently a great deal of research being done in optical engineering. Making this new edition very timely.
Author: Manuel Servin Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527411526 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 344
Book Description
The main objective of this book is to present the basic theoretical principles and practical applications for the classical interferometric techniques and the most advanced methods in the field of modern fringe pattern analysis applied to optical metrology. A major novelty of this work is the presentation of a unified theoretical framework based on the Fourier description of phase shifting interferometry using the Frequency Transfer Function (FTF) along with the theory of Stochastic Process for the straightforward analysis and synthesis of phase shifting algorithms with desired properties such as spectral response, detuning and signal-to-noise robustness, harmonic rejection, etc.
Author: Pramod Rastogi
Author: Pramod Rastogi
Author: Jaspreet Sahota
Author: Pramod Rastogi
Author: Wesley E. Farriss
Author: P. Hariharan
Author: Alexandr Banishev
Author: P. Hariharan
Author: Daniel Malacara
Author: Rajesh Langoju
Author: Manuel Servin