Author: Mansoor Khan MBBS, RDMS, RDCS
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 113
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume II is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 300 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume II contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Ultrasound Principles, Pulse Echo Principles, Doppler Physical Principles, Hemodynamics, Propagation of ultrasound wave through tissues, Artifacts and Ultrasound Physics Elementary Principles. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume II will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume II PDF Edition
Author: Mansoor Khan MBBS, RDMS, RDCS
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 113
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume II is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 300 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume II contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Ultrasound Principles, Pulse Echo Principles, Doppler Physical Principles, Hemodynamics, Propagation of ultrasound wave through tissues, Artifacts and Ultrasound Physics Elementary Principles. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume II will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 113
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume II is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 300 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume II contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Ultrasound Principles, Pulse Echo Principles, Doppler Physical Principles, Hemodynamics, Propagation of ultrasound wave through tissues, Artifacts and Ultrasound Physics Elementary Principles. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume II will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume I PDF Edition
Author: Mansoor Khan MBBS, RDMS, RDCS
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 126
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume I is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 400 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume I contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Echo Instrumentation, Ultrasound Transducers, Sound Beam, Bioeffects, Intensity, and Resolution. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume I will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 126
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume I is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 400 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume I contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Echo Instrumentation, Ultrasound Transducers, Sound Beam, Bioeffects, Intensity, and Resolution. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume I will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume I
Author: Mansoor Khan, MBBS, RDMS, RDCS
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 228
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume I is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 400 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume I contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Echo Instrumentation, Ultrasound Transducers, Sound Beam, Bioeffects, Intensity, and Resolution. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume I will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 228
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume I is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 400 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume I contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Echo Instrumentation, Ultrasound Transducers, Sound Beam, Bioeffects, Intensity, and Resolution. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume I will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Pass Ultrasound Physics Study Guide Notes Volume I and II - PDF Edition
Author: Mansoor Khan MBBS, RDMS, RDCS
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
The Pass Ultrasound Physics Study Guide Notes are comprehensive Test Prep Notes and are written to provide sound foundation to prepare for ARDMS SPI board exam. This book is devoted to the ARDMS SPI exam. The second edition of the bestselling Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes is divided into two volumes, Volume I and Volume II. The volume I covers the topics such as Pulse Echo Instrumentation, Ultrasound transducers, Sound beam, Bioeffects, Intensity, Resolution and Quality assurance. The volume II covers the topics such as Doppler physical principles, Doppler spectral analysis, Hemodynamics, propagation of ultrasound wave through tissues, Artifacts, Ultrasound physics elementary principles, and Real time imaging. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. It also contains Important to Remember notes related to the topic which are SPI exam questions. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation exam by memorizing these Important to Remember notes. After studying these study guide notes you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam.
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
The Pass Ultrasound Physics Study Guide Notes are comprehensive Test Prep Notes and are written to provide sound foundation to prepare for ARDMS SPI board exam. This book is devoted to the ARDMS SPI exam. The second edition of the bestselling Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes is divided into two volumes, Volume I and Volume II. The volume I covers the topics such as Pulse Echo Instrumentation, Ultrasound transducers, Sound beam, Bioeffects, Intensity, Resolution and Quality assurance. The volume II covers the topics such as Doppler physical principles, Doppler spectral analysis, Hemodynamics, propagation of ultrasound wave through tissues, Artifacts, Ultrasound physics elementary principles, and Real time imaging. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. It also contains Important to Remember notes related to the topic which are SPI exam questions. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation exam by memorizing these Important to Remember notes. After studying these study guide notes you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam.
Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume I and II
Author: Mansoor Khan, MBBS, RDMS, RDCS
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 285
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 700 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume I contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Echo Instrumentation, Ultrasound Transducers, Sound Beam, Bioeffects, Intensity, and Resolution. The Volume II contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Ultrasound Principles, Pulse Echo Principles, Doppler Physical Principles, Hemodynamics, Propagation of ultrasound wave through tissues, Artifacts and Ultrasound Physics Elementary Principles. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume I & II will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 285
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 700 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume I contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Echo Instrumentation, Ultrasound Transducers, Sound Beam, Bioeffects, Intensity, and Resolution. The Volume II contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Ultrasound Principles, Pulse Echo Principles, Doppler Physical Principles, Hemodynamics, Propagation of ultrasound wave through tissues, Artifacts and Ultrasound Physics Elementary Principles. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume I & II will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Ultrasound Physics Review
Author: Cindy Owen
Publisher: Davies Publishing
ISBN: 9780941022743
Category : Diagnostic ultrasonic imaging
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Looking for guidance and a clear understanding of the principles and facts on which you will be tested? Here is the new SPI edition of the single bestselling mock exam devoted to the ARDMS exam in ultrasound physics. Written by an internationally renowned sonographer who not only loves ultrasound physics but delights in -- and excels at -- explaining it to others, "Ultrasound Physics Review" hones your test-taking skills, measures your progress as you study, and reveals your strengths and weaknesses topic by topic. Contains 600 complex registry-style questions that cover and follow the new ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation (SPi) outline, 65 image-based questions, and simple, clear explanations with current references for further study. Coverage includes patient care, safety, and communication, physical principles, ultrasound transducers, pulse-echo instrumentation, Doppler instrumentation and hemodynamics, and quality assurance/quality control of equipment -- all in the same proportion as in the exam itself. -- From publisher's description.
Publisher: Davies Publishing
ISBN: 9780941022743
Category : Diagnostic ultrasonic imaging
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Looking for guidance and a clear understanding of the principles and facts on which you will be tested? Here is the new SPI edition of the single bestselling mock exam devoted to the ARDMS exam in ultrasound physics. Written by an internationally renowned sonographer who not only loves ultrasound physics but delights in -- and excels at -- explaining it to others, "Ultrasound Physics Review" hones your test-taking skills, measures your progress as you study, and reveals your strengths and weaknesses topic by topic. Contains 600 complex registry-style questions that cover and follow the new ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation (SPi) outline, 65 image-based questions, and simple, clear explanations with current references for further study. Coverage includes patient care, safety, and communication, physical principles, ultrasound transducers, pulse-echo instrumentation, Doppler instrumentation and hemodynamics, and quality assurance/quality control of equipment -- all in the same proportion as in the exam itself. -- From publisher's description.
Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume I and II - PDF Edition
Author: Mansoor Khan MBBS, RDMS, RDCS
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 238
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume II is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 300 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume II contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Ultrasound Principles, Pulse Echo Principles, Doppler Physical Principles, Hemodynamics, Propagation of ultrasound wave through tissues, Artifacts and Ultrasound Physics Elementary Principles. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume II will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 238
Book Description
This Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Review Volume II is in easy to understand question and answer format with over 300 questions. This study guide review is designed to help students and sonographers practice and prepare for the questions which appear on the ARDMS Sonography Principles and Instrumentation exam. It is divided into two Volume I and Volume II. The Volume II contains questions and answers from chapters such as Pulse Ultrasound Principles, Pulse Echo Principles, Doppler Physical Principles, Hemodynamics, Propagation of ultrasound wave through tissues, Artifacts and Ultrasound Physics Elementary Principles. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation SPI exam by memorizing these questions and answers. After studying this study guide review you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam. The Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes Volume II will be a great compliment to this study guide review and I highly recommend it if you are preparing to sit for ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation exam.
Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam - Volume 1
Author: Mansoor Khan
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
ARDMS Ultrasound Physics & Instrumentation Exam Secrets Study Guide: Unofficial ARDMS Test Review for the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Son
Author:
Publisher: Mometrix Secrets Study Guides
ISBN: 9781609711979
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Secrets of the ARDMS Ultrasound Physics & Instrumentation Exam helps you ace the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography Exam, without weeks and months of endless studying. Our comprehensive Secrets of the ARDMS Ultrasound Physics & Instrumentation Exam study guide is written by our exam experts, who painstakingly researched every topic and concept that you need to know to ace your test. Our original research reveals specific weaknesses that you can exploit to increase your exam score more than you've ever imagined. Secrets of the ARDMS Ultrasound Physics & Instrumentation Exam includes: The 5 Secret Keys to Secrets of the ARDMS Exam Success: Time is Your Greatest Enemy, Guessing is Not Guesswork, Practice Smarter, Not Harder, Prepare, Don't Procrastinate, Test Yourself; A comprehensive General Strategy review including: Make Predictions, Answer the Question, Benchmark, Valid Information, Avoid Fact Traps, Milk the Question, The Trap of Familiarity, Eliminate Answers, Tough Questions, Brainstorm, Read Carefully, Face Value, Prefixes, Hedge Phrases, Switchback Words, New Information, Time Management, Contextual Clues, Don't Panic, Pace Yourself, Answer Selection, Check Your Work, Beware of Directly Quoted Answers, Slang, Extreme Statements, Answer Choice Families; A comprehensive Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation Exam including: Sound, Mechanisms of Sound Generation, Sound Propagation, Single Line Reconstruction, Sound Detection/Image Formation, Applications and Techniques, Hardware Controls, Image Features, Resolution, Beamforming, The Scattering and Reflection of Sound, Key Points, Ultrasound Physics or Abdomen Ultrasound, Four types of Doppler Ultrasound, and much more... Disclaimer: The American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Inc. (ARDMS) does not endorse this product nor is the ARDMS affiliated in any way with the owner or any content related to this website.
Publisher: Mometrix Secrets Study Guides
ISBN: 9781609711979
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Secrets of the ARDMS Ultrasound Physics & Instrumentation Exam helps you ace the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography Exam, without weeks and months of endless studying. Our comprehensive Secrets of the ARDMS Ultrasound Physics & Instrumentation Exam study guide is written by our exam experts, who painstakingly researched every topic and concept that you need to know to ace your test. Our original research reveals specific weaknesses that you can exploit to increase your exam score more than you've ever imagined. Secrets of the ARDMS Ultrasound Physics & Instrumentation Exam includes: The 5 Secret Keys to Secrets of the ARDMS Exam Success: Time is Your Greatest Enemy, Guessing is Not Guesswork, Practice Smarter, Not Harder, Prepare, Don't Procrastinate, Test Yourself; A comprehensive General Strategy review including: Make Predictions, Answer the Question, Benchmark, Valid Information, Avoid Fact Traps, Milk the Question, The Trap of Familiarity, Eliminate Answers, Tough Questions, Brainstorm, Read Carefully, Face Value, Prefixes, Hedge Phrases, Switchback Words, New Information, Time Management, Contextual Clues, Don't Panic, Pace Yourself, Answer Selection, Check Your Work, Beware of Directly Quoted Answers, Slang, Extreme Statements, Answer Choice Families; A comprehensive Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation Exam including: Sound, Mechanisms of Sound Generation, Sound Propagation, Single Line Reconstruction, Sound Detection/Image Formation, Applications and Techniques, Hardware Controls, Image Features, Resolution, Beamforming, The Scattering and Reflection of Sound, Key Points, Ultrasound Physics or Abdomen Ultrasound, Four types of Doppler Ultrasound, and much more... Disclaimer: The American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Inc. (ARDMS) does not endorse this product nor is the ARDMS affiliated in any way with the owner or any content related to this website.
Pass Ultrasound Physics Study Guide Notes Volume I PDF Edition
Author: Mansoor Khan, MBBS RDMS RDCS
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 115
Book Description
The Pass Ultrasound Physics Study Guide Notes are comprehensive Test Prep Notes and are written to provide sound foundation to prepare for ARDMS SPI board exam. This book is devoted to the ARDMS SPI exam. The second edition of the bestselling Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes is divided into two volumes Volume I and Volume II. The volume I covers the topics such as Pulse Echo Instrumentation, ultrasound transducers, Sound beam, Bioeffects, Intensity, Resolution and Quality assurance. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. It also contains Important to Remember notes related to the topic which are SPI exam questions. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation exam by memorizing these Important to Remember notes. After studying these study guide notes you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam.
Publisher: Blue Cube Venture, LLC
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 115
Book Description
The Pass Ultrasound Physics Study Guide Notes are comprehensive Test Prep Notes and are written to provide sound foundation to prepare for ARDMS SPI board exam. This book is devoted to the ARDMS SPI exam. The second edition of the bestselling Pass Ultrasound Physics Exam Study Guide Notes is divided into two volumes Volume I and Volume II. The volume I covers the topics such as Pulse Echo Instrumentation, ultrasound transducers, Sound beam, Bioeffects, Intensity, Resolution and Quality assurance. The material is based on the ARDMS exam outline. It explains the concepts in very simple and easy to understand way. It also contains Important to Remember notes related to the topic which are SPI exam questions. You can increase your chances to pass Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation exam by memorizing these Important to Remember notes. After studying these study guide notes you will feel confident and will be able to answer most of the questions easily which appear on the ARDMS Sonographic Principles and Instrumentation Exam.