Author: David Jonathan KayesPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 388
Book Description
Particulate Matter Formation in Spark-ignition Engines
Author: David Jonathan KayesPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 388
Book Description
Engine Exhaust Particulates
Author: Avinash Kumar AgarwalPublisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811332991
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 269
Book Description
This book provides a comparative analysis of both diesel and gasoline engine particulates, and also of the emissions resulting from the use of alternative fuels. Written by respected experts, it offers comprehensive insights into motor vehicle particulates, their formation, composition, location, measurement, characterisation and toxicology. It also addresses exhaust-gas treatment and legal, measurement-related and technological advancements concerning emissions. The book will serve as a valuable resource for academic researchers and professional automotive engineers alike.
Particulate Matter Emissions from a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Under Cold-fast-idle Conditions for Ethanol-gasoline Blends
Author: Iason DimouPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 83
Book Description
In an effort to build internal combustion engines with both reduced brake-specific fuel consumption and better emission control, engineers developed the Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engine. DISI engines combine the specific higher output of the spark ignition engine, with the better efficiency of the compression ignition engine at part load. Despite their benefits, DISI engines still suffer from high hydrocarbon, NO2 and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Until recently, PM emissions have received relatively little attention, despite their severe effects on human health, related mostly to their size. Previous research indicates that almost 80% of the PM is emitted during the first few minutes of the engine's operation (cold-start-fast-idling period). A proposed solution for PM emission reduction is the use of fuel blends with ethanol. The present research experimentally measures the effect of ethanol content in fuel on PM formation in the combustion chamber of a DISI engine during the cold-start period. A novel sampling system has been designed and combined with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) system, in order to measure the particulate matter number (PN) concentration 15 cm downstream from the exhaust valves of a DISI engine, for a temperature range between 0 and 40"C, under low load operation. Seven gasohol fuels have been tested with the ethanol content varying from 0% (EO) up to 85% (E85). For E10 to E85, PN modestly increases when the engine coolant temperature (ECT) is lowered. The PN distributions, however, are insensitive to the ethanol content of the fuel. The total PN for EQ is substantially higher than for the gasohol fuels, at ECT below 20'C. However, for ECT higher than 20'C, the total PN values (obtained from integrating the PN distribution from 15 to 350 nm) are approximately the same for all fuels. This sharp change in PN from EQ to E10 is confirmed by running the tests with E2.5 and E5; the midpoint of the transition occurs at approximately E5. Because the fuels' evaporating properties do not change substantially from EQ to E10, the significant change in PN is attributed to the particulate matter formation chemistry.
NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines
Author: B. AshokPublisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128242280
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 488
Book Description
NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Automobiles presents the fundamental theory of emission formation, particularly the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and its chemical reactions and control techniques. The book provides a simplified framework for technical literature on NOx reduction strategies in IC engines, highlighting thermodynamics, combustion science, automotive emissions and environmental pollution control. Sections cover the toxicity and roots of emissions for both SI and CI engines and the formation of various emissions such as CO, SO2, HC, NOx, soot, and PM from internal combustion engines, along with various methods of NOx formation. Topics cover the combustion process, engine design parameters, and the application of exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction, making this book ideal for researchers and students in automotive, mechanical, mechatronics and chemical engineering students working in the field of emission control techniques. Covers advanced and recent technologies and emerging new trends in NOx reduction for emission control Highlights the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on engine performance parameters Discusses emission norms such as EURO VI and Bharat stage VI in reducing global air pollution due to engine emissions
Particulate Matter Emissions from a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Under Cold Fast Idle Conditions for Ethanol-Gasoline Blends
Author: Iason DimouCharacterization of Particulate Emissions of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines
Author: Dallin Scott BullockPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Diesel motor exhaust gas
Languages : en
Pages : 60
Book Description
The particle size distribution, volatility, and effective density of particulate matter are measured using a cooperative fuel research engine during motoring, spark ignition, and homogeneous charge compression ignition. For all operating modes, less than 5% of the particulate mass remains when denuding the sample at 100 °C, and the particles for each operating mode have a relatively constant density with respect to particle size. A single cylinder engine with electromagnetic valves is used to test the effect of changing valve timing on particle emissions. An order of magnitude increase in particle concentration coincides with the valve timing changes, whereas the geometric mean diameter remains constant, suggesting that while the particle concentration increases due to timing changes, the mechanism for particle formation does not change. After a spike in particle concentration due to a timing change, the value quickly returns to steady-state levels.
Soot Formation in Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines Under Cold-idle Operating Conditions
Author: Justin Edward KettererPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Book Description
Direct injection spark ignition engines are growing rapidly in popularity, largely due to the fuel efficiency improvements in the turbo-downsized engine configuration that are enabled by direct injection technology. Unfortunately, direct injection spark ignition engines also emit higher concentrations of particulate matter than conventional port fuel injected engines. In light of evidence linking particulate matter to adverse human health impacts, particulate emissions standards have been strengthened in both the United States and in Europe. A great deal of research seeking particulate emissions reductions is ongoing. This study contributes to this body of research by offering a refined explanation of the soot formation process in direct injection engines under cold-idle operating conditions. A number of engine and rapid compression machine experiments were conducted in order to understand the impacts of engine operating conditions and fuel composition on particulate matter emissions. Using these data, a conceptual model describing the formation of soot in direct injection engines is outlined. This model suggests that soot forms after the main combustion event in fuel vapour plumes surrounding liquid fuel films on cylinder surfaces through pyrolytic reactions enabled by heat transfer from burned gases from the primary combustion event.
Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines
Author: Jerzy MerkiszPublisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319159283
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 146
Book Description
This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.
Author: Stephen Burke
Author: Jared Cromas