Author: Tobias Engel
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889669246
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 157

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Author: Caterina di Lauro
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 162

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Book Description
Tau is a highly soluble microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that in brain is mainly expressed in neurons. Its major role in neurons, especially in axons, is to stabilize the microtubules, regulating their assembly, growing, and shortening in a phosphorylation-dependent way (Buée et al., 2000). The accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, with the consequent aggregation into paired helical filaments (PHFs) and formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), has been described as characteristic feature of a family of neurodegenerative disease collectively known as Tauopathies. This disease family comprises several pathological conditions, including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the most common tauopathy, Pick’s disease (PiD), corticobasal degeneration and post-encephalic parkinsonism (Williams, 2006). Tauopathies can show different clinical phenotypes ranging from neuronal loss and reduced synaptic density, with consequent dementia, to behavioural and movement disorders (Lee et al., 2001; Williams, 2006). Although neither the exact causing factors of NFTs aggregation nor the mechanism leading to neuronal and synaptic loss has been elucidated, it has been demonstrated that neuroinflammation is linked to early progression of tauopathies (Metcalfe et al., 2010). Neuroinflammation is an active inflammatory response within the brain characterized by the production of inflammatory mediators and mainly mediated by microglia cells, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (DiSabato et al., 2016). In addition to inflammatory mediators, other endogenous molecules, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are secreted from injured cells. These molecules include adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is released in large amount into the extracellular space during neuroinflammation (Newton and Dixit, 2012)...

Author: Colin R Martin
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128159510
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 764

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Book Description
Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet in Parkinson's Disease: The Neuroscience of Parkinson’s Disease, Volume 2 provides a single source of material covering different scientific domains of neuropathology underlying this condition. The book covers a wide range of subjects and unravels the complex relationships between genetics, molecular biology, pharmaceutical chemistry, neurobiology, imaging, assessments, and treatment regimens. It fills a much-needed gap as a "one-stop" synopsis of everything to do with the neurology and neuroscience related to Parkinson’s disease—from chemicals and cells to individuals. It is an invaluable resource for neuroscientists, neurologists, and anyone in the field. Offers the most comprehensive coverage of a broad range of topics related to Parkinson's disease Serves as a foundational collection for neuroscientists and neurologists on the biology of disease and brain dysfunction Contains in each chapter an abstract, key facts, mini dictionary of terms, and summary points to aid in understanding Features preclinical and clinical studies to help researchers map out key areas for research and further clinical recommendations Serves as a "one-stop" source for everything you need to know about Parkinson’s disease

Author: Francisco Ciruela
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 283252575X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 187

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Book Description

Author: Jong Hoon Park
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811020418
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 128

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Book Description
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a highly prevalent hereditary renal disorder in which fluid-filled cysts are appeared in both kidneys. Main causative genes of ADPKD are PKD1 and PKD2, encoding for polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2) respectively. Those proteins are localized on primary cilia and function as mechanosensor in response to the fluid flow, translating mechanistic stimuli into calcium signaling. With mutations either of PKD1 or PKD2, hyper-activated renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation is observed, followed by disrupted calcium homeostasis and aberrant intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. Increased cell proliferation with fluid secretion leads to the development of thousands of epithelial-lined, fluid-filled cysts in kidneys. It is also accompanied by interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, and finally reaching end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In human ADPKD, the age at which renal failure typically occurs is later in life, however no specific targeted medications are available to cure ADPKD. Recently, potential therapeutic targets or surrogate diagnostic biomarkers for ADPKD are proposed with the advances in the understanding of ADPKD pathogenesis, and some of them were attempted for clinical trials. Herein, we will summarize genetic and epi-genetic molecular mechanisms in ADPKD progression, and overview the currently available biomarkers or potential therapeutic reagents suggested.

Author: Lawrence Kruger
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1439812101
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 458

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Book Description
One of the Most Rapidly Advancing Fields in Modern Neuroscience The success of molecular biology and the new tools derived from molecular genetics have revolutionized pain research and its translation to therapeutic effectiveness. Bringing together recent advances in modern neuroscience regarding genetic studies in mice and humans and the practical

Author: Annette Nicke
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 1071623842
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 401

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Book Description
This detailed volume covers diverse aspects of P2X7 receptor analysis, ranging from its molecular structure to related pharmacological and immunological tools, via its analysis in heterologous expression systems as well as assays using primary cells and whole animal models. After three introductory chapters that focus on its structure, ligands, and physiological functions, the book details the generation of antibody and nanobody tools for P2X7 receptors, provides protocols for the analysis of expressed P2X7 receptors with a focus on their electrophysiological analysis, as well as protocols for the investigation of P2X7 down-stream signaling in immune cells by flow cytometry. Mouse models and procedures suited to investigate P2X7-mediated effects in other primary cells and in vivo are also explained. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, The P2X7 Receptor: Methods and Protocols is a valuable reference not only for the growing community fascinated by this unusual ion channel but also for a broad readership interested in ion channels or purinergic receptors.

Author: Brian D. Gulbransen
Publisher: Biota Publishing
ISBN: 1615046615
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 72

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Book Description
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex neural network embedded in the gut wall that orchestrates the reflex behaviors of the intestine. The ENS is often referred to as the “little brain” in the gut because the ENS is more similar in size, complexity and autonomy to the central nervous system (CNS) than other components of the autonomic nervous system. Like the brain, the ENS is composed of neurons that are surrounded by glial cells. Enteric glia are a unique type of peripheral glia that are similar to astrocytes of the CNS. Yet enteric glial cells also differ from astrocytes in many important ways. The roles of enteric glial cell populations in the gut are beginning to come to light and recent evidence implicates enteric glia in almost every aspect of gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. However, elucidating the exact mechanisms by which enteric glia influence gastrointestinal physiology and identifying how those roles are altered during gastrointestinal pathophysiology remain areas of intense research. The purpose of this e-book is to provide an introduction to enteric glial cells and to act as a resource for ongoing studies on this fascinating population of glia. Table of Contents: Introduction / A Historical Perspective on Enteric Glia / Enteric Glia: The Astroglia of the Gut / Molecular Composition of Enteric Glia / Development of Enteric Glia / Functional Roles of Enteric Glia / Enteric Glia and Disease Processes in the Gut / Concluding Remarks / References / Author Biography

Author: Mina K. Dulcan, M.D.
Publisher: American Psychiatric Pub
ISBN: 1615373276
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1190

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Book Description
"Dulcan's Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry provides in-depth, DSM-5-aligned evidence-based clinical guidance in such areas as neurodevelopmental and other psychiatric disorders; psychosocial treatments; pediatric psychopharmacology; and special topics, including cultural considerations, youth suicide, legal and ethical issues, and gender and sexual diversity. This third edition includes expanded information on telehealth, e-mental health, and pediatric consultation-liaison psychiatry"--

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309670489
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 427

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Book Description
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), are a set of more than 30 health disorders associated with both the temporomandibular joints and the muscles and tissues of the jaw. TMDs have a range of causes and often co-occur with a number of overlapping medical conditions, including headaches, fibromyalgia, back pain and irritable bowel syndrome. TMDs can be transient or long-lasting and may be associated with problems that range from an occasional click of the jaw to severe chronic pain involving the entire orofacial region. Everyday activities, including eating and talking, are often difficult for people with TMDs, and many of them suffer with severe chronic pain due to this condition. Common social activities that most people take for granted, such as smiling, laughing, and kissing, can become unbearable. This dysfunction and pain, and its associated suffering, take a terrible toll on affected individuals, their families, and their friends. Individuals with TMDs often feel stigmatized and invalidated in their experiences by their family, friends, and, often, the health care community. Misjudgments and a failure to understand the nature and depths of TMDs can have severe consequences - more pain and more suffering - for individuals, their families and our society. Temporomandibular Disorders: Priorities for Research and Care calls on a number of stakeholders - across medicine, dentistry, and other fields - to improve the health and well-being of individuals with a TMD. This report addresses the current state of knowledge regarding TMD research, education and training, safety and efficacy of clinical treatments of TMDs, and burden and costs associated with TMDs. The recommendations of Temporomandibular Disorders focus on the actions that many organizations and agencies should take to improve TMD research and care and improve the overall health and well-being of individuals with a TMD.