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Author: Gina Policastro Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bones Languages : en Pages : 272
Book Description
Both naturally occurring and synthetic polymeric materials are currently under investigation for use as tissue engineering constructs for bone defect repair. While, naturally occurring proteins and polysaccharides provide the inherent biochemical signaling necessary for proper bone regeneration, these constructs often lack mechanical and chemical properties suitable for this application. On the contrary, synthetic polymers, such as poly-¿-caprolactone (PCL) and polypropylene fumarate (PPF), are advantageous because of their tunable mechanical, degradation and chemical properties. However, these polymers tend to degrade into acidic byproducts that cause chronic inflammation in vivo and overall failure of the implant. Independently, both naturally occurring and synthetic materials fail to meet all of the necessary requirements for osteogenic tissue engineering. More recently, research has focused its attention on the synthesis of polymeric materials functionalized with bioactive peptides to overcome the previously mentioned limitations. Poly(ester urea)s are a high modulus, non-toxic, amino acid-based class of polymers that has been thoroughly investigated by the Becker group. Both its tunable properties and ease of functionality, makes this polymer ideal for bone tissue engineering applications. Phenylalanine-based poly(ester urea)s (poly(PHE)) have been reported to have tensile moduli in a range comparable to healthy bone tissue (~7 GPa), as well as non-acidic degradation byproducts. Poly(PHE)s can be easily functionalized with bioactive peptides, such as osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) for enhancement of its osteoinductive potential. OGP[10-14] is the active subunit of the naturally occurring tetradecapeptide that is known to upregulate proliferation, differentiation and matrix mineralization of osteoblast cell lines. In this dissertation, both OGP-tethered and OGP-crosslinked poly(PHE) materials were synthesized using efficient `click' chemistry techniques. These materials were tested in vitro and in vivo to reveal the enhanced osteoinductive ability of poly(PHE) materials for tissue engineering applications. With just 1% tethered OGP incorporation into the poly(PHE) network, osteogenic lineage commitment of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) was enhanced at both 2 and 4 weeks. In vivo results confirmed the osteoinductive ability of OGP[10-14]-tethered poly(PHE). Crosslinking OGP[10-14] into the poly(PHE) network was intended to enhance mechanical and osteoinductive properties of the polymer construct, simultaneously. Results show that toughness of the polymeric constructs increased with OGP-crosslinking, however a decrease in tensile modulus was observed, possibly due to low crosslinking density. Early osteogenic differentiation of mouse preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) was also enhanced on these constructs. Osseointegration of metallic implants is also a major cause for concern in the medical world. Titanium is one of the most widely used implants for bone repair, however, it is not uncommon for these implants to fail due to a lack of tissue-metal integration in vivo. Here, the surface functionalization of titanium oxide (TiO2) substrates with catechol-bearing dendritic OGP[10-14] modular peptides is reported. Functionalized OGP[10-14] modular peptides were synthesized and non-covalently bound to the surface of TiO2. Osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells was tested to result in enhanced expression of osteogenic genes compared to cells cultured without OGP-functionalization. Finally, to keep with the theme of enhancing osteogenesis for bone tissue engineering applications, several other well-known bioactive peptides were studied in this dissertation. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a peptide fragment responsible for upregulation of osteogenic differentiation of multipotent cell lines via enhanced expression of bone specific genes. The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) amino acid sequence is the well-known adhesion peptide found in extracellular matrix proteins such as vinculin and fibronectin. RGD has been shown in many studies, to influence cell lineage commitment through the promotion of focal adhesion and cell spreading on a surface. Here, the concentration-dependent synergistic effect of BMP-2 and RGD was studied on 2D gradient substrates. In nature, peptides do not exist and act as a single entity, therefore this study reveals a glimpse at what the future holds for studying concentration effects of multiple bioactive factors simultaneously for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Each of these studies reveals the importance of blending synthetic materials with naturally occurring peptides for optimal tissue engineering constructs. There is a clear need for polymeric constructs with both the mechanical and biological properties necessary for bone tissue engineering, and this dissertation provides a solid foundation for the future of bone regeneration biomaterials in the Becker group.
Author: Gina Policastro Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bones Languages : en Pages : 272
Book Description
Both naturally occurring and synthetic polymeric materials are currently under investigation for use as tissue engineering constructs for bone defect repair. While, naturally occurring proteins and polysaccharides provide the inherent biochemical signaling necessary for proper bone regeneration, these constructs often lack mechanical and chemical properties suitable for this application. On the contrary, synthetic polymers, such as poly-¿-caprolactone (PCL) and polypropylene fumarate (PPF), are advantageous because of their tunable mechanical, degradation and chemical properties. However, these polymers tend to degrade into acidic byproducts that cause chronic inflammation in vivo and overall failure of the implant. Independently, both naturally occurring and synthetic materials fail to meet all of the necessary requirements for osteogenic tissue engineering. More recently, research has focused its attention on the synthesis of polymeric materials functionalized with bioactive peptides to overcome the previously mentioned limitations. Poly(ester urea)s are a high modulus, non-toxic, amino acid-based class of polymers that has been thoroughly investigated by the Becker group. Both its tunable properties and ease of functionality, makes this polymer ideal for bone tissue engineering applications. Phenylalanine-based poly(ester urea)s (poly(PHE)) have been reported to have tensile moduli in a range comparable to healthy bone tissue (~7 GPa), as well as non-acidic degradation byproducts. Poly(PHE)s can be easily functionalized with bioactive peptides, such as osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) for enhancement of its osteoinductive potential. OGP[10-14] is the active subunit of the naturally occurring tetradecapeptide that is known to upregulate proliferation, differentiation and matrix mineralization of osteoblast cell lines. In this dissertation, both OGP-tethered and OGP-crosslinked poly(PHE) materials were synthesized using efficient `click' chemistry techniques. These materials were tested in vitro and in vivo to reveal the enhanced osteoinductive ability of poly(PHE) materials for tissue engineering applications. With just 1% tethered OGP incorporation into the poly(PHE) network, osteogenic lineage commitment of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) was enhanced at both 2 and 4 weeks. In vivo results confirmed the osteoinductive ability of OGP[10-14]-tethered poly(PHE). Crosslinking OGP[10-14] into the poly(PHE) network was intended to enhance mechanical and osteoinductive properties of the polymer construct, simultaneously. Results show that toughness of the polymeric constructs increased with OGP-crosslinking, however a decrease in tensile modulus was observed, possibly due to low crosslinking density. Early osteogenic differentiation of mouse preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) was also enhanced on these constructs. Osseointegration of metallic implants is also a major cause for concern in the medical world. Titanium is one of the most widely used implants for bone repair, however, it is not uncommon for these implants to fail due to a lack of tissue-metal integration in vivo. Here, the surface functionalization of titanium oxide (TiO2) substrates with catechol-bearing dendritic OGP[10-14] modular peptides is reported. Functionalized OGP[10-14] modular peptides were synthesized and non-covalently bound to the surface of TiO2. Osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells was tested to result in enhanced expression of osteogenic genes compared to cells cultured without OGP-functionalization. Finally, to keep with the theme of enhancing osteogenesis for bone tissue engineering applications, several other well-known bioactive peptides were studied in this dissertation. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a peptide fragment responsible for upregulation of osteogenic differentiation of multipotent cell lines via enhanced expression of bone specific genes. The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) amino acid sequence is the well-known adhesion peptide found in extracellular matrix proteins such as vinculin and fibronectin. RGD has been shown in many studies, to influence cell lineage commitment through the promotion of focal adhesion and cell spreading on a surface. Here, the concentration-dependent synergistic effect of BMP-2 and RGD was studied on 2D gradient substrates. In nature, peptides do not exist and act as a single entity, therefore this study reveals a glimpse at what the future holds for studying concentration effects of multiple bioactive factors simultaneously for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Each of these studies reveals the importance of blending synthetic materials with naturally occurring peptides for optimal tissue engineering constructs. There is a clear need for polymeric constructs with both the mechanical and biological properties necessary for bone tissue engineering, and this dissertation provides a solid foundation for the future of bone regeneration biomaterials in the Becker group.
Author: Jeffrey O. Hollinger Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1135501912 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 500
Book Description
Focusing on bone biology, Bone Tissue Engineering integrates basic sciences with tissue engineering. It includes contributions from world-renowned researchers and clinicians who discuss key topics such as different models and approaches to bone tissue engineering, as well as exciting clinical applications for patients. Divided into four sections, t
Author: Robert G. Kelly Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9780203909133 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 442
Book Description
This book describes the origin, use, and limitations of electrochemical phase diagrams, testing schemes for active, passive, and localized corrosion, the development and electrochemical characterization of passivity, and methods in process alteration, failure prediction, and materials selection. It offers useful guidelines for assessing the efficac
Author: Gregory H. Hudalla Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN: 1849738335 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 422
Book Description
Mimicking the Extracellular Matrix approaches this topic from both basic science and practical engineering perspectives. Suitable for undergraduates, postgraduates, and academics, this text aims to unify the current knowledge of ECM biology and matrix-mimicking biomaterials.
Author: Mike Driver Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0857093673 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 381
Book Description
The biomaterials sector is rapidly expanding and significant advances have been made in the technology of biomedical coatings and materials, which provide a means to improve the wear of joints, change the biological interaction between implant and host and combine the properties of various materials to improve device performance. Coatings for biomedical applications provides an extensive review of coating types and surface modifications for biomedical applications. The first part of the book explores a range of coating types and their biomedical applications. Chapters look at hydrophilic, mineral and pyrolytic carbon coatings in and ex vivo orthopaedic applications and finally at surface modification and preparation techniques. Part two presents case studies of orthopaedic and ophthalmic coatings, and biomedical applications including vascular stents, cardiopulomonary by-pass equipment and ventricular assist devices. With its clear structure and comprehensive review of research, Coatings for biomedical applications is a valuable resource to researchers, scientists and engineers in the biomedical industry. It will also benefit anyone studying or working within the biomedical sector, particularly those specialising in biomedical coatings. Provides an extensive review of coating types and surface modifications for biomedical applications Chapters look at hydrophilic coatings for biomedical applications in and ex vivo, mineral coatings for orthopaedic applications, pyrolytic carbon coating and other commonly-used biomedical coatings Presents case studies of orthopaedic and ophthalmic coatings, and biomedical applications including vascular stents, cardiopulomonary by-pass equipment and ventricular assist devices
Author: Michael Lysaght Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0857090844 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 313
Book Description
The worldwide demand for organ transplants far exceeds available donor organs. Consequently some patients die whilst waiting for a transplant. Synthetic alternatives are therefore imperative to improve the quality of, and in some cases, save people’s lives. Advances in biomaterials have generated a range of materials and devices for use either outside the body or through implantation to replace or assist functions which may have been lost through disease or injury. Biomaterials for artificial organs reviews the latest developments in biomaterials and investigates how they can be used to improve the quality and efficiency of artificial organs.Part one discusses commodity biomaterials including membranes for oxygenators and plasmafilters, titanium and cobalt chromium alloys for hips and knees, polymeric joint-bearing surfaces for total joint replacements, biomaterials for pacemakers, defibrillators and neurostimulators and mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves. Part two goes on to investigate advanced and next generation biomaterials including small intestinal submucosa and other decullarized matrix biomaterials for tissue repair, new ceramics and composites for joint replacement surgery, biomaterials for improving the blood and tissue compatibility of total artificial hearts (TAH) and ventricular assist devices (VAD), nanostructured biomaterials for artificial tissues and organs and matrices for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors Biomaterials for artificial organs is an invaluable resource to researchers, scientists and academics concerned with the advancement of artificial organs. Reviews the latest developments in biomaterials and investigates how they can be used to improve the quality and efficiency of artificial organs Discusses commodity biomaterials including membranes for oxygenators and cobalt chromium alloys for hips and knees and polymeric joint-bearing surfaces for total joint replacements Further biomaterials utilised in pacemakers, defibrillators, neurostimulators and mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valve are also explored
Author: Kewal K. Jain Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1588298914 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 255
Book Description
In this concise and systematic book, a team of experts select the most important, cutting-edge technologies used in drug delivery systems. They take into account significant drugs, new technologies such as nanoparticles, and therapeutic applications. The chapters present step-by-step laboratory protocols following the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, offering readily reproducible results vital for pharmaceutical physicians and scientists.
Author: Qun Wang Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN: 1782624848 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 715
Book Description
Comprehensively covering the applications of smart materials for clinical applications, this book will be a valuable resource to biochemists, materials scientists and biomedical engineers working in industry and academia.
Author: Iulian Antoniac Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119372143 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 400
Book Description
Provides comprehensive coverage of the research into and clinical uses of bioceramics and biocomposites Developments related to bioceramics and biocomposites appear to be one the most dynamic areas in the field of biomaterials, with multiple applications in tissue engineering and medical devices. This book covers the basic science and engineering of bioceramics and biocomposites for applications in dentistry and orthopedics, as well as the state-of-the-art aspects of biofabrication techniques, tissue engineering, remodeling, and regeneration of bone tissue. It also provides insight into the use of bionanomaterials to create new functionalities when interfaced with biological molecules or structures. Featuring contributions from leading experts in the field, Bioceramics and Biocomposites: From Research to Use in Clinical Practice offers complete coverage of everything from extending the concept of hemopoietic and stromal niches, to the evolution of bioceramic-based scaffolds. It looks at perspectives on and trends in bioceramics in endodontics, and discusses the influence of newer biomaterials use on the structuring of the clinician’s attitude in dental practice or in orthopedic surgery. The book also covers such topics as biofabrication techniques for bioceramics and biocomposites; glass ceramics: calcium phosphate coatings; brain drug delivery bone substitutes; and much more. Presents the biggest trends in bioceramics and biocomposites relating to medical devices and tissue engineering products Systematically presents new information about bioceramics and biocomposites, developing diagnostics and improving treatments and their influence on the clinicians' approaches Describes how to use these biomaterials to create new functionalities when interfaced with biological molecules or structures Offers a range of applications in clinical practice, including bone tissue engineering, remodeling, and regeneration Delineates essential requirements for resorbable bioceramics Discusses clinical results obtained in dental and orthopedic applications Bioceramics and Biocomposites: From Research to Use in Clinical Practice is an excellent resource for biomaterials scientists and engineers, bioengineers, materials scientists, and engineers. It will also benefit mechanical engineers and biochemists who work with biomaterials scientists.