Optimizing HIV testing algorithms PDF Download

Author:
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9240039163
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 28

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Book Description
A standardized HIV testing strategy and quality-assured products are critical for accurate diagnosis, while poorly chosen testing algorithms can lead to misdiagnosis. Verification of testing algorithms provides objective evidence, before widespread implementation, that a specific combination of products will accurately diagnose HIV infection, thus reducing the risk of misdiagnosis. The toolkit aims to provide countries with the tools and content needed to effectively conduct a local verification assessment to update national HIV testing algorithms following WHO recommendations on HIV testing strategies. The toolkit consists of (1) a generic assessment protocol that can be adapted and submitted for local ethical clearance; (2) a test selection tool to assist with the selection of WHO prequalified HIV assays based on performance and operational characteristics; (3) a Gantt chart to plan and schedule the different project implementation activities; (4) a general budget required to conduct this assessment; (5) a checklist of test kits, consumables and supplies needed for placing a purchase order and; (6) a database to assist with data analysis.

Author: Shailendra K. Saxena
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535110578
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 484

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Book Description
This book gives a comprehensive overview of HIV and AIDS including NeuroAIDS, as well as general concepts of pathology, immunity and immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology and etiology to current clinical recommendations in management of HIV/AIDS including NeuroAIDS, highlighting the ongoing issues, recent advances and future directions in diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 52

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Book Description
"In 1989 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) released recommendations for a sequential, two-test algorithm for serodiagnosis of HIV-1 infection. In this algorithm, screening is conducted with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Specimens repeatedly reactive by EIA are subjected to a more specific supplemental test, either a Western blot (WB) or an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Over the past two decades, many advances in HIV diagnostics have been achieved: less complex rapid tests have been FDA-approved for screening at the point of contact (POC) with the patient, more sensitive and specific laboratory-based tests are available, and more complex rapid tests can detect HIV-2. The 'HIV Testing Algorithms: Status Report' describes a menu of HIV testing algorithms that have the potential to augment and provide alternatives to the algorithm currently used to diagnose HIV infection. APHL and CDC convened two working groups of HIV diagnostic subject matter experts to develop these new algorithms. This report describes algorithms to use in POC and laboratory settings, as well as supporting evidence, limitations, and additional data needed to substantiate the algorithms as of April 2009. This document does not contain recommendations from either CDC or APHL."--Page 1.

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789241549684
Category : AIDS (Disease)
Languages : en
Pages : 429

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Book Description
These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309062862
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 426

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Book Description
Thousands of HIV-positive women give birth every year. Further, because many pregnant women are not tested for HIV and therefore do not receive treatment, the number of children born with HIV is still unacceptably high. What can we do to eliminate this tragic and costly inheritance? In response to a congressional request, this book evaluates the extent to which state efforts have been effective in reducing the perinatal transmission of HIV. The committee recommends that testing HIV be a routine part of prenatal care, and that health care providers notify women that HIV testing is part of the usual array of prenatal tests and that they have an opportunity to refuse the HIV test. This approach could help both reduce the number of pediatric AIDS cases and improve treatment for mothers with AIDS. Reducing the Odds will be of special interest to federal, state, and local health policymakers, prenatal care providers, maternal and child health specialists, public health practitioners, and advocates for HIV/AIDS patients. January

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241548606
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 140

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Book Description
There have been calls to revisit the experiences of TB screening campaigns that were widely applied in Europe and North America in the mid-20th century, as well as more recent experiences with TB screening in countries with a high burden of the disease, and to assess their possible relevance for TB care and prevention in the 21st century. In response, WHO has developed guidelines on screening for active TB. An extensive review of the evidence has been undertaken. The review suggests that screening, if done in the right way and targeting the right people, may reduce suffering and death, but the review also highlights several reasons to be cautious. As discussed in detail in this book, there is a need to balance potential benefits against the risks and costs of screening; this conclusion is mirrored by the history of TB screening. This publication presents the first comprehensive assessment by WHO of the appropriateness of screening for active TB since the recommendations made in 1974 by the Expert Committee. However, the relative effectiveness and cost effectiveness of screening remain uncertain, a point that is underscored by the systematic reviews presented in this guideline. Evidence suggests that some risk groups should always be screened, whereas the prioritization of other risk groups as well as the choice of screening approach depend on the epidemiology, the health-system context, and the resources available. This book sets out basic principles for prioritizing risk groups and choosing a screening approach; it also emphasizes the importance of assessing the epidemiological situation, adapting approaches to local situations, integrating TB screening into other health-promotion activities, minimizing the risk of harm to individuals, and engaging in continual monitoring and evaluation. It calls for more and better research to assess the impact of screening and to develop and evaluate new screening tests and approaches.

Author: Gerald Schochetman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 146120867X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 422

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Book Description
During the two years since the publication of the first edition of this book, the global spread of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has continued. HIV was estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993 to have at least 13 million individuals worldwide, with 1 million infected infected in the United States. HIV/AIDS in the United States has become the leading cause of death among men 25 to 44 years of age and the fifth leading cause of death among women of the same age group. Prevention of HIV infection remains a global challenge. Testing for HIV is the cornerstone for surveillance and prevention programs and for the provision of appropriate medical care for those who are infected. Such testing is equally essential to the search for effective antivirus drugs and vaccines. This second edition of AIDS Testing incorporates the most current thinking on test methodology and interpretation, some of which has changed considerably over the past two years. This edition also has been expanded to include a section consisting of six chapters on test applica tions and a section consisting of four chapters on management issues. This edition, like the first, describes in clear terms all the complex ele ments of testing, including applications, scientific principles, quality assurance, safety, and medical, ethical, and legal considerations.

Author: King K. Holmes
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464805253
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1027

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Book Description
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789241548274
Category : Laboratories
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
Achieving, maintaining and improving accuracy, timeliness and reliability are major challenges for health laboratories. Countries worldwide committed themselves to build national capacities for the detection of, and response to, public health events of international concern when they decided to engage in the International Health Regulations implementation process. Only sound management of quality in health laboratories will enable countries to produce test results that the international community will trust in cases of international emergency. This handbook was developed through collaboration between the WHO Lyon Office for National Epidemic Preparedness and Response, the United States of America Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Division of Laboratory Systems, and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). It is based on training sessions and modules provided by the CDC and WHO in more than 25 countries, and on guidelines for implementation of ISO 15189 in diagnostic laboratories, developed by CLSI. This handbook is intended to provide a comprehensive reference on Laboratory Quality Management System for all stakeholders in health laboratory processes, from management, to administration, to bench-work laboratorians. This handbook covers topics that are essential for quality management of a public health or clinical laboratory. They are based on both ISO 15189 and CLSI GP26-A3 documents. Each topic is discussed in a separate chapter. The chapters follow the framework developed by CLSI and are organized as the "12 Quality System Essentials".

Author: Nouri Neamati
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118015363
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 710

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Book Description
This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Despite numerous review articles and isolated book chapters dealing with HIV-1 integrase, there has not been a single source for those working to devise anti-AIDS drugs against this promising target. But this book fills that gap and offers a valuable introduction to the field for the interdisciplinary scientists who will need to work together to design drugs that target HIV-1 integrase.