Author: Publisher:
ISBN: 9789461085092
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 139
Book Description
Optical Imaging of Cancer and Cell Death
Author: Imaging in Photodynamic Therapy
Author: Michael R. HamblinPublisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1315278162
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 502
Book Description
This book covers the broad field of cellular, molecular, preclinical, and clinical imaging either associated with or combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT). It showcases how this approach is used clinically for cancer, infections, and diseases characterized by unwanted tissue such as atherosclerosis or blindness. Because the photosensitizers are also fluorescent, the book also addresses various imaging systems such as confocal microscopy and small animal imaging systems, and highlights how they have been used to follow and optimize treatment, and to answer important mechanistic questions. Chapters also discuss how imaging has made important contributions to clinical outcomes in skin, bladder, and brain cancers, as well as in the development of theranostic agents for detection and treatment of disease. This book provides a resource for physicians and research scientists in cell biology, microscopy, optics, molecular imaging, oncology, and drug discovery.
Development of Molecular Probes for Biomedical Imaging of Cancer and Neurological Disease
Author: Allison Gamble CondiePublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biology
Languages : en
Pages : 197
Book Description
Cancer and neurological disease afflict millions of people in the United States and worldwide. In addition to the heavy toll they take on society, these diseases have devastating bodily consequences. Molecular imaging is a noninvasive means to understand the bodily phenomena driving these diseases and to recognize hopes for treatment. Optical fluorescence imaging is a type of molecular imaging that uses light to probe biological processes and states. Fluorescent contrast agents designed for specific molecular targets report on the status of disease and response to therapy.Myelin is an insulating sheath surrounding axons that aids in nervous signal transduction. Pathologies in myelin are associated with many neurological diseases, most prominently multiple sclerosis. A contrast agent has been evaluated for its ability to bind to myelin in the spinal cord and report on the quantity of myelin sheaths in vitro and in vivo. A novel synthesis of the agent, fluorescent characterization, and application to histological staining is also described. Many chemotherapeutic treatments of cancer damage DNA leading to cell death. To maintain genomic fidelity, cells have evolved multiple pathways to repair DNA damage. These pathways are active in cancer cells and can limit the therapeutic efficacy of DNA damaging drugs. One notable repair pathway is base excision repair, which excises chemically damaged bases. Optical imaging probes have been designed, synthesized, and characterized for their ability to bind to the first intermediate of the base excision repair pathway, the abasic (or AP) site. An assay has been developed to evaluate AP site-targeted probes. Their ability to report on physiologically relevant quantities of AP sites has been established in tissue culture. While this work focuses on AP sites in cancer, base excision repair is also relevant to neurological diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.The optical imaging probes targeted to myelin and AP sites have potential preclinical application in new drug discovery. They can also be further developed to monitor response to therapy either in cell culture or animal models of disease. The probes could also be modified for combination use with additional imaging modalities for application in a clinical setting.
Functional Imaging of Cysteine Proteases in Cancer and Inflammation Using Novel Activity-based Probes
Author: Laura Elizabeth EdgingtonPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Cysteine proteases use a catalytic thiol to cleave amide bonds of protein substrates. This activity serves as an important regulatory mechanism for diverse cellular processes necessary for normal physiology. Dysregulated protease activity is a hallmark of numerous diseases, including atherosclerosis, arthritis, stroke, macular degeneration, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. In the last decades, the field of activity-based proteomics has produced a number of tools for dissecting protease function. In the introductory chapter, I will discuss the current state of the field and describe the two main classes of probes for cysteine proteases: substrate-based and activity-based probes. I will then describe my own contribution to the field, which includes the design and characterization of several new and improved activity-based probes. We have applied these probes to optical imaging and biochemical characterization of three families of cysteine proteases: caspases, cathepsins and legumain. In particular, I have used these tools to aid in understanding the regulation of complex signaling pathways associated with cancer and inflammation. Caspases are key mediators of a programmed form of cell death called apoptosis. One of the key features of tumor cells is their ability to evade apoptosis, and therefore, a major therapeutic goal is to reactivate latent death pathways. We have developed fluorescent activity-based probes to image the induction of caspase activity in tumors in response to chemotherapy. In addition to non-invasive optical imaging, we have utilized these new probes to assess the kinetics of caspase activation in response to various death stimuli and identified a unique activation mechanism for the caspase-6 enzyme. Another emerging hallmark of cancer is infiltration of stromal-derived immune cells into the tumor, resulting in an inflammatory microenvironment. Crosstalk between tumor and immune cells can lead to enhanced proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells. The cysteine proteases legumain and cathepsins have been shown to play critical roles within the tumor microenvironment. I have developed new tools for optical imaging of their proteolytic activity in several cancer models as well as inflammation associated with pancreatitis. In the future, these new probes will have great value in further dissecting the roles of cysteine proteases in basic biology and disease. Since legumain and cathepsins are used as biomarkers for cancer, the ability to detect their proteolytic activity has much diagnostic and prognostic value in both pre-clinical and clinical settings. Furthermore, these new agents will be integral in validating these enzymes, particularly legumain, as drug targets.
Exploratory Studies Towards Cerenkov Luminescence-activated Photochemical Internalization in Cancer Therapy
Author: Nadine BauerPublisher:
ISBN: 9781369311907
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Cancer is a highly complex disease, and a common challenge of all cancer therapy approaches is the effective treatment of diseased areas while limiting the toxic effects to healthy tissues. Thus, many new approaches are being developed to improve the targeting of drugs to cancer cells. One of these approaches, photochemical internalization (PCI), aims to modify the intracellular distribution of drugs that are sequestered in endo/lysosomes, by induction of photochemical damage to endosomal membranes, using light in combination with a photosensitizer. The use of this technique is limited to areas and organs that are superficial and can be easily reached with an external light source. In this study, the use of Cerenkov luminescence (CLI), a form of light that is produced during the decay of certain radionuclides, was explored for the initiation of PCI. In vitro experiments, using the photosensitizer TPPS2a, initially examined cell killing effect after photodynamic therapy (PDT) and PCI in the presence of the antineoplastic agent bleomycin (BLM). Then, the pharmacokinetics of TPPS2a in tumor-bearing mice were studied using fluorescence imaging. Finally, trastuzumab and trastuzumab-F(ab’)2, two potential vehicles for the in vivo delivery of the Cerenkov light-producing radionuclide yttrium-90, were examined in vitro and in vivo in tumor-bearing mice. The results indicate that at fluence levels of 1.4 [mu]W/cm2, which are relevant to Cerenkov luminescence produced by yttrium-90, the PCI process can be induced and relocalization of bleomycin inside cells activated, thereby enhancing cell death. Quantification of in vivo measurements of photosensitizer biodistribution with optical imaging was only possible to a limited extent due to variations in absorption and scatter, restricting comparisons within the same tissue type. Experiments in mice showed that the selected radioligands were quite potent in delivering yttrium-90 to the tumor site, achieving maximum mean uptakes of 102.2±23.1% ID/g (trastuzumab) and 23.7±7.9% ID/g (F(ab’)2). In conclusion, we have shown that PCI activation at low light levels is possible, and that we have a suitable vehicle to deliver a significant amount of radiation to the tumor region. However, the use of an LED array to generate Cerenkov-like illumination for in vitro experiments does not necessarily accurately mimic the actual light delivery from real Cerenkov light in tissue. Therefore, further experiments are needed to apply realistic Cerenkov light levels as found in our animal experiments to in vitro PCI studies to confirm our initial hypothesis.
Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy and Imaging
Author: Laura MarcuPublisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1439861684
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 554
Book Description
During the past two decades, there has been an increasing appreciation of the significant value that lifetime-based techniques can add to biomedical studies and applications of fluorescence. Bringing together perspectives of different research communities, Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy and Imaging: Principles and Applications in Biomedical Dia
Photobiological Studies of a Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Breast and Ovarian Cancer Using 3D in Vitro Models
Author: Layla Mohammad HadiMammography and Beyond
Author: National Research CouncilPublisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309075505
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 34
Book Description
X-ray mammography screening is the current mainstay for early breast cancer detection. It has been proven to detect breast cancer at an earlier stage and to reduce the number of women dying from the disease. However, it has a number of limitations. These current limitations in early breast cancer detection technology are driving a surge of new technological developments, from modifications of x-ray mammography such as computer programs that can indicate suspicious areas, to newer methods of detection such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or biochemical tests on breast fluids. To explore the merits and drawbacks of these new breast cancer detection techniques, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences convened a committee of experts. During its year of operation, the committee examined the peer-reviewed literature, consulted with other experts in the field, and held two public workshops. In addition to identifying promising new technologies for early detection, the committee explored potential barriers that might prevent the development of new detection methods and their common usage. Such barriers could include lack of funding from agencies that support research and lack of investment in the commercial sector; complicated, inconsistent, or unpredictable federal regulations; inadequate insurance reimbursement; and limited access to or unacceptability of breast cancer detection technology for women and their doctors. Based on the findings of their study, the committee prepared a report entitled Mammography and Beyond: Developing Technology for Early Detection of Breast Cancer, which was published in the spring of 2001. This is a non-technical summary of that report.
Make Life Visible
Author: Yoshiaki ToyamaPublisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811379084
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 292
Book Description
This open access book describes marked advances in imaging technology that have enabled the visualization of phenomena in ways formerly believed to be completelyimpossible. These technologies have made major contributions to the elucidation of the pathology of diseases as well as to their diagnosis and therapy. The volume presents various studies from molecular imaging to clinical imaging. It also focuses on innovative, creative, advanced research that gives full play to imaging technology inthe broad sense, while exploring cross-disciplinary areas in which individual research fields interact and pursuing the development of new techniques where they fuse together. The book is separated into three parts, the first of which addresses the topic of visualizing and controlling molecules for life. Th e second part is devoted to imaging of disease mechanisms, while the final part comprises studies on the application of imaging technologies to diagnosis and therapy. Th e book contains the proceedings of the 12th Uehara International Symposium 2017, “Make Life Visible” sponsored by the Uehara Memorial Foundation and held from June 12 to 14, 2017. It is written by leading scientists in the field and is an open access publication under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Cancer Nanotechnology
Author: Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128141700
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
Advances in Cancer Research, Volume 139, provides invaluable information on the exciting and fast-moving field of cancer research. Original reviews are presented on a variety of topics relating to the rapidly developing intersection between nanotechnology and cancer research, with unique sections in the new release focusing on Exosomes as a theranostic for lung cancer, Nanotechnology and cancer immunotherapy, Ultrasound imaging agents and delivery systems, Dendronized systems for the delivery of chemotherapeutics, Thermosensitive liposomes for image-guided drug delivery, Supramolecular Chemistry in Tumor Analysis and Drug Delivery, Gold nanoparticles for delivery of cancer therapeutics, and Single cell barcode microchip for cancer research and therapy. Provides the latest information on cancer research Offers outstanding and original reviews on a range of cancer research topics Serves as an indispensable reference for researchers and students alike