On the Sustainability of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a Marine Fuel in a Post-International Maritime Organization (IMO) 0.5% Sulfur Cap Environment PDF Download
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Author: John DeCiucis Adamo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 228
Book Description
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the leading regulatory body for the shipping industry, recently finalized its decision to decrease the global sulfur cap for marine bunker fuels from 3.5% to 0.5% effective January 2020 to reduce the shipping community's environmental impact. This decision will have significant impacts on shipowners, forcing them to choose among a suite of options to comply with the new emissions limit, options with substantial capital expenditure (CAPEX) or operational expenditure (OPEX) implications. Among these options is using liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an alternative to low-sulfur fuel oil or distillates and exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS). While LNG has been used in a limited capacity as a marine fuel, mostly in passenger vessels (ferries) and LNG carriers from the boil-off gas (BOG) in storage tanks, there are currently only 119 LNG-capable ships operating globally (out of a merchant fleet of over 50,000). LNG fuel can effectively eliminate nearly 100% of sulfur oxide (SO [subscript x]) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, while reducing nitrogen oxide (NO [subscript x]) emissions up to 80% and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 30%. LNG is also price competitive with other bunker fuel, making it an attractive alternative both environmentally and economically. This thesis examines the business case for LNG-capable ships as a viable option to meet the IMO's sulfur cap. Specifically, the thesis compares the choice to invest in an LNG-capable ship to investing in EGCS (enabling continued use of high-sulfur fuel oil) or using compliant low-sulfur fuel oil or distillates (which still requires selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems to comply with NO [subscript x] limits). The thesis analyzes eight different vessel types across the three investment options and considers three different fuel price scenarios, accounting for variation in CAPEX, OPEX, engine types, ship utilization, and charter rates, for a total of 96 scenarios. Each scenario uses a discounted cash flow (DCF) model to yield unique NPV, IRR, and payback for the investment. The thesis demonstrates that LNG-capable vessels are competitive investments and, in some cases, outperform other options to achieve compliance with SO [subscript x] and NO [subscript x] emissions limits.
Author: John DeCiucis Adamo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 228
Book Description
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the leading regulatory body for the shipping industry, recently finalized its decision to decrease the global sulfur cap for marine bunker fuels from 3.5% to 0.5% effective January 2020 to reduce the shipping community's environmental impact. This decision will have significant impacts on shipowners, forcing them to choose among a suite of options to comply with the new emissions limit, options with substantial capital expenditure (CAPEX) or operational expenditure (OPEX) implications. Among these options is using liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an alternative to low-sulfur fuel oil or distillates and exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS). While LNG has been used in a limited capacity as a marine fuel, mostly in passenger vessels (ferries) and LNG carriers from the boil-off gas (BOG) in storage tanks, there are currently only 119 LNG-capable ships operating globally (out of a merchant fleet of over 50,000). LNG fuel can effectively eliminate nearly 100% of sulfur oxide (SO [subscript x]) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, while reducing nitrogen oxide (NO [subscript x]) emissions up to 80% and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 30%. LNG is also price competitive with other bunker fuel, making it an attractive alternative both environmentally and economically. This thesis examines the business case for LNG-capable ships as a viable option to meet the IMO's sulfur cap. Specifically, the thesis compares the choice to invest in an LNG-capable ship to investing in EGCS (enabling continued use of high-sulfur fuel oil) or using compliant low-sulfur fuel oil or distillates (which still requires selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems to comply with NO [subscript x] limits). The thesis analyzes eight different vessel types across the three investment options and considers three different fuel price scenarios, accounting for variation in CAPEX, OPEX, engine types, ship utilization, and charter rates, for a total of 96 scenarios. Each scenario uses a discounted cash flow (DCF) model to yield unique NPV, IRR, and payback for the investment. The thesis demonstrates that LNG-capable vessels are competitive investments and, in some cases, outperform other options to achieve compliance with SO [subscript x] and NO [subscript x] emissions limits.
Author: Jorge Ancheyta Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1420007432 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 366
Book Description
Many oil refineries employ hydroprocessing for removing sulfur and other impurities from petroleum feedstocks. Capable of handling heavier feedstocks than other refining techniques, hydroprocessing enables refineries to produce higher quality products from unconventional- and formerly wasted- sources. Hydroprocessing of Heavy Oils and Residua
Author: Andre Dassau Publisher: Grin Publishing ISBN: 9783668568020 Category : Languages : en Pages : 56
Book Description
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2017 in the subject Business economics - Trade and Distribution, grade: 1,0, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, language: English, abstract: The International Maritime Organization confirmed in 2016 the introduction of a global sulphur cap in 2020, establishing a 0.5% sulphur content limit in fuels. All shipping companies operating in international waters will be affected by this emission regulation. LNG as a maritime fuel is widely thematised in current discussions regarding alternatives to achieve compliance, as it brings in the most significant environmental benefits. However, the current LNG-use is scarce, as vessels operating with LNG accounts for ca. 0.1% of the global fleet, and are mainly located in the Baltic region. To gain significance as a marine fuel, LNG has several challenges to overcome. LNGs main hurdle is the lack of bunkering infrastructure, which discourage its adoption by shipping companies, generating the so-called chicken-and-egg problem. Although small-scale bunkering facilities are already available, mostly in Northern Europe, the required infrastructure for large vessels is not provided. This study looks at the relevance of LNG as a maritime fuel with the focus on the forthcoming global sulphur cap, from the perspective of a small and a large shipping company, in their decision-making to achieve compliance. Thereby, major drivers and impediments considered by both shipping companies for its adoption as well as their forecast regarding the future of LNG in the shipping industry are discussed.
Author: Jan Tellkamp Publisher: ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 28
Book Description
This report on Removing Barriers to the Use of Natural Gas as Maritime Transportation Fuel is another step in our exploration of the catalytic role of natural gas in attaining the Sustainable Development Goals, and in particular Goal 7 - to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. The report demonstrates the business case for using LNG as a fuel in maritime transport, for both LNG tankers and - increasingly since 2000 - other ships. Currently, there are over 300 ships powered by LNG. This is a positive development in view of the significant environmental benefits of LNG compared to heavy fuel oil and diesel both of which dominate today's market for international shipping bunkers.
Author: Congressional Research Service Publisher: Independently Published ISBN: 9781796700725 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 32
Book Description
The combination of growing liquefied natural gas (LNG) supplies and new requirements for less polluting fuels in the maritime shipping industry has heightened interest in LNG as a maritime fuel. The use of LNG as an engine ("bunker") fuel in shipping is also drawing attention from federal agencies and is beginning to emerge as an issue of interest in Congress. In 2008, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) announced a timeline to reduce the maximum sulfur content in vessel fuels to 0.5% by January 1, 2020. Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships requires vessels to either use fuels containing less than 0.5% sulfur or install exhaust-cleaning systems ("scrubbers") to limit a vessel's airborne emissions of sulfur oxides to an equivalent level. An option for vessel operators to meet the IMO 2020 standards is to install LNG-fueled engines, which emit only trace amounts of sulfur. Adopting LNG engines requires more investment than installing scrubbers, but LNG-fueled engines may offset their capital costs with operating cost advantages over conventional fuels. Savings would depend on the price spread between LNG and fuel oil. Recent trends suggest that LNG may be cheaper in the long run than conventional fuels. LNG bunkering requires specialized infrastructure for supply, storage, and delivery to vessels. To date, the number of ports worldwide that have developed such infrastructure is limited, although growth in this area has accelerated. Early adoption of LNG bunkering is occurring in Europe where the European Union requires a core network of ports to provide LNG bunkering by 2030. LNG bunkering in the United States currently takes place in Jacksonville, FL, and Port Fourchon, LA-with a third facility under development in Tacoma, WA. Bunkering of LNG-fueled cruise ships using barges also is planned for Port Canaveral, FL. The relative locations of other U.S. ports and operating LNG terminals suggest that LNG bunkering could be within reach of every port along the Eastern Seaboard and in the Gulf of Mexico. On the West Coast, the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, CA, are near the Costa Azul LNG terminal in Ensenada, MX. Seattle and Tacoma are adjacent to the proposed Tacoma LNG project. Since 2015, Jones Act coastal ship operators have taken steps to transition their fleets to use cleaner burning fuels, including LNG. Shippers of dry goods to Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico have taken delivery or have ordered LNG-fueled and LNG-capable vessels from U.S. shipyards in Philadelphia, PA, and Brownsville, TX. Another company operates five LNG-powered offshore supply vessels built in Gulfport, MS. Depending upon LNG conversions, the global LNG bunker fuel market could grow to several billion dollars by 2030. If U.S. LNG producers were to supply a significant share of this market-on the strength of comparatively low LNG production costs-LNG bunkering could increase demand for U.S. natural gas production, transportation, and liquefaction. Opportunities in LNG-related shipbuilding might be more limited, as most shipbuilding occurs overseas, although domestically-constructed LNG bunkering barges could be one area of economic growth. Finally, engineering and construction firms could benefit from new opportunities to develop port infrastructure for LNG storage and transfer. However, while vessel conversion to LNG fuel may increase demand for U.S.-produced natural gas, it partially could be offset by reduced demand for U.S.-produced crude oil or refined products. Furthermore, while LNG can reduce direct emissions from vessels, fugitive emissions and environmental impacts from natural gas production and transportation could reduce overall emissions benefits. While the LNG industry has experienced few accidents, the Coast Guard has been developing new standards to address unique safety and security risks associated with LNG in vessel operations.
Author: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION. Publisher: ISBN: 9789280117189 Category : Languages : en Pages : 112
Book Description
MARPOL VI was developed through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a United Nations agency that deals with maritime safety and security, as well as the prevention of marine pollution from ships. MARPOL is the main international agreement covering all types of pollution from ships. Annex VI aims to reduce emissions from ships through international regulations. Regulation 14 - Restricts SOx emissions from ships by introducing a maximum sulphur content in marine fuels of 4.5 per cent. In addition, MARPOL Annex VI identifies SOx emission control areas (SECA)
Author: Juan de Dios Ortúzar Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119993520 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 584
Book Description
Already the market leader in the field, Modelling Transport has become still more indispensible following a thorough and detailed update. Enhancements include two entirely new chapters on modelling for private sector projects and on activity-based modelling; a new section on dynamic assignment and micro-simulation; and sizeable updates to sections on disaggregate modelling and stated preference design and analysis. It also tackles topical issues such as valuation of externalities and the role of GPS in travel time surveys. Providing unrivalled depth and breadth of coverage, each topic is approached as a modelling exercise with discussion of the roles of theory, data, model specification, estimation, validation and application. The authors present the state of the art and its practical application in a pedagogic manner, easily understandable to both students and practitioners. Follows on from the highly successful third edition universally acknowledged as the leading text on transport modelling techniques and applications Includes two new chapters on modelling for private sector projects and activity based modeling, and numerous updates to existing chapters Incorporates treatment of recent issues and concerns like risk analysis and the dynamic interaction between land use and transport Provides comprehensive and rigorous information and guidance, enabling readers to make practical use of every available technique Relates the topics to new external factors and technologies such as global warming, valuation of externalities and global positioning systems (GPS).
Author: American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Safety and Environmental Guidelines for Liquefied Natural Gas Terminals Publisher: ISBN: Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 56
Author: John DeCiucis Adamo
Author: John DeCiucis Adamo
Author: Jorge Ancheyta
Author: Andre Dassau
Author: Jan Tellkamp
Author: Congressional Research Service
Author: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION.
Author: Juan de Dios Ortúzar
Author: 
Author: American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Safety and Environmental Guidelines for Liquefied Natural Gas Terminals
Author: Jack Sharples