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Author: Fiona Venn Publisher: I. B. Tauris ISBN: 9781845114589 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
One of the least well-known and least discussed struggles of the 20th century was played out between the British and the Americans. From before World War I to the end of World War II, Great Britain and the United States vied with each other throughout the world to control the supply of oil. The Anglo-American Oil War examines this power struggle - identified by contemporaries as an oil war - and demonstrates how America's increasing dominance over the oilfields reflected wider shifts in international relations. During the first half of the 20th century, the strategic and economic importance of petroleum helped to define relations between the United States and Great Britain. While both governments sought to control oil resources within their own political sphere of influence, they frequently came into direct conflict over the control of oil. From the first hints of diplomatic discord over the course of the Mexican Revolution, through the British discovery of oil in Iraq, competition over the Kuwait concession, the oil strike in Masjid-e Sulaiman to the negotiation of the Anglo-American Oil Agreement in 1944 which, in theory, settled the dispute, the oil war offers a fascinating and revealing reflection of the transfer of hegemony from Great Britain to the United States
Author: Roberto Cantoni Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1315531518 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 498
Book Description
The importance of oil for national military-industrial complexes appeared more clearly than ever in the Cold War. This volume argues that the confidential acquisition of geoscientific knowledge was paramount for states, not only to provide for their own energy needs, but also to buttress national economic and geostrategic interests and protect energy security. By investigating the postwar rebuilding and expansion of French and Italian oil industries from the second half of the 1940s to the early 1960s, this book shows how successive administrations in those countries devised strategies of oil exploration and transport, aiming at achieving a higher degree of energy autonomy and setting up powerful oil agencies that could implement those strategies. However, both within and outside their national territories, these two European countries had to confront the new Cold War balances and the interests of the two superpowers.
Author: Giuliano Garavini Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA ISBN: 0198832834 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 445
Book Description
The most comprehensive history of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and of its members, this study takes the reader from the formation of the first petrostate in the world, Venezuela, in the late 1920s, to the global ascent of petrostates and OPEC during the 1970s, to their crisis in the late-1980s and early- 1990s.
Author: Anand Toprani Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0192571591 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 320
Book Description
The history of oil is a chapter in the story of Europe's geopolitical decline in the twentieth century. During the era of the two world wars, a lack of oil constrained Britain and Germany from exerting their considerable economic and military power independently. Both nations' efforts to restore the independence they had enjoyed during the Age of Coal backfired by inducing strategic over-extension, which served only to hasten their demise as great powers. Having fought World War I with oil imported from the United States, Britain was determined to avoid relying upon another great power for its energy needs ever again. Even before the Great War had ended, Whitehall implemented a strategy of developing alternative sources of oil under British control. Britain's key supplier would be the Middle East - already a region of vital importance to the British Empire - whose oil potential was still unproven. As it turned out, there was plenty of oil in the Middle East, but Italian hostility after 1935 threatened transit through the Mediterranean. A shortage of tankers ruled out re-routing shipments around Africa, forcing Britain to import oil from US-controlled sources in the Western Hemisphere and depleting its foreign exchange reserves. Even as war loomed in 1939, therefore, Britain's quest for independence from the United States had failed. Germany was in an even worse position than Britain. It could not import oil from overseas in wartime due to the threat of blockade, while accumulating large stockpiles was impossible because of the economic and financial costs. The Third Reich went to war dependent on petroleum synthesized from coal, domestic crude oil, and overland imports, primarily from Romania. German leaders were confident, however, that they had enough oil to fight a series of short campaigns that would deliver to them the mastery of Europe. This plan derailed following the victory over France, when Britain continued to fight. This left Germany responsible for Europe's oil requirements while cut off from world markets. A looming energy crisis in Axis Europe, the absence of strategic alternatives, and ideological imperatives all compelled Germany in June 1941 to invade the Soviet Union and fulfill the Third Reich's ultimate ambition of becoming a world power - a decision that ultimately sealed its fate.