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Author: Claire Edwin Chapin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Ionization Languages : en Pages : 134
Book Description
Radiation energy transfer and ionization rates in the mixture of atoms, ions and electrons produced by a normal shock wave propagating in cold argon gas are examined. It is shown the gas may be regarded as a combination of two gases, one composed only of electrons and one composed of both atoms and ions. Temperature differences between the electron gas and the atom-ion gas significantly affect radiation and ionization rates in the shock wave. The analysis uses the ionization rates due to both atom-atom collisions and electron-atom collisions. In addition, photoionization, which is responsible for precursor ionization, is included. (Author).
Author: Claire Edwin Chapin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Ionization Languages : en Pages : 134
Book Description
Radiation energy transfer and ionization rates in the mixture of atoms, ions and electrons produced by a normal shock wave propagating in cold argon gas are examined. It is shown the gas may be regarded as a combination of two gases, one composed only of electrons and one composed of both atoms and ions. Temperature differences between the electron gas and the atom-ion gas significantly affect radiation and ionization rates in the shock wave. The analysis uses the ionization rates due to both atom-atom collisions and electron-atom collisions. In addition, photoionization, which is responsible for precursor ionization, is included. (Author).
Author: Raymond Brun Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642251196 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 344
Book Description
The high temperatures generated in gases by shock waves give rise to physical and chemical phenomena such as molecular vibrational excitation, dissociation, ionization, chemical reactions and inherently related radiation. In continuum regime, these processes start from the wave front, so that generally the gaseous media behind shock waves may be in a thermodynamic and chemical non-equilibrium state. This book presents the state of knowledge of these phenomena. Thus, the thermodynamic properties of high temperature gases, including the plasma state are described, as well as the kinetics of the various chemical phenomena cited above. Numerous results of measurement and computation of vibrational relaxation times, dissociation and reaction rate constants are given, and various ionization and radiative mechanisms and processes are presented. The coupling between these different phenomena is taken into account as well as their interaction with the flow-field. Particular points such as the case of rarefied flows and the inside of the shock wave itself are also examined. Examples of specific non-equilibrium flows are given, generally corresponding to those encountered during spatial missions or in shock tube experiments.
Author: Carlo Ferrari Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 40
Book Description
The general theory about gas-dynamics with nonequilibrium radiative and collisional ionization is applied to the strong normal shock wave. It is shown that the problem is reduced to the solution of a system of two non-linear integral equations. It is proved that, if certain conditions are satisfied, an iteration method, to resolve these equations, can be applied; it turns out then that the fundamental parameter controlling the convergence or non convergence of the procedure is the value of the degree of ionization just on the front of the shock. Numerical results are given and the physical complete structure of the shock is analyzed. (Author).
Author: William Henry Foley Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 48
Book Description
Ionizing shock waves in helium and argon are structured by nonequilibrium radiative and inelastic collisional transitions. The model atom of the monatomic gas has three electronic energy levels. The monatomic gas is not in local equilibrium with respect to population, and local translational equilibrium between the heavy species present and the electron gas is not assumed either. For the flow conditions studied the physics and morphology of the shock is further developed on a continuum basis from previous work, and the shock is found to consist of a far precursor due to radiative excitation, a near precursor due to radiative ionization, an embedded transport shock, an inelastic and thermal collisional relaxation zone, and an equilibrium radiating tail. Of particular interest in the results are the heating of the electron gas in the precursor by the said radiative and the associated de-exciting collisional mechanisms and the subsequent, electron-triggered collisional relaxation zone which is optically transparent to radiation; thus, nonequilibrium radiative and collisional processes are locally uncoupled throughout the shock. A family of numerical examples are displayed diagrammatically for an upstream temperature of 300 degrees K and upstream pressures bbetween 1/1000 and 1/100,000 atmospheres. Selected were those accompanying downstream temperatures giving nominal equilibrium degrees of ionization of either 0.8 or 0.95. (Author).
Author: Wallace Hayes Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323147852 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 479
Book Description
Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena, Volume II presents interpretations of the physical basis of shockwaves and high-temperature hydrodynamic phenomena and gives practical guidance to those who work with these subjects in science and modern technology. This volume contains chapters discussing such topics as the shockwave structure in gases; physical and chemical kinetics in hydrodynamic processes; the radiative phenomena in shock waves and in strong explosions in the air; thermal waves and shockwaves in solids; and self-similar processes in gasdynamics. Physicists, engineers, researchers, and professors and students in the field of the physical sciences will find the book very educational.
Author: Martin Philip Sherman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Radiation Languages : en Pages : 62
Book Description
The problem of a normal shock wave in air or other gas with complex chemistry and coupled radiation is considered. Molecular transport properties are neglected and the gas mixture is assumed in translational, rotation, vibrational and electronic equilibrium with the local temperature. Only continuum radiation is included. Solutions are presented for strong shock waves in air, where air is assumed to consist of eleven species, N2, O2, O, NO, NO+, N+, O, N2+, O2+ and electrons. The usal methods of integrating the stiff ordinary differential equations of chemical nonequilibrium flow are limited to very small step sizes. Methods are developed which permit vastly larger step sizes. Solutions are obtained for the optically thin case, and with absorption of radiation behind the shock front. The spectrum is broken into regions inside of which the absorption cross sections are only a function of temperature. (Author).
Author: Raymond Brun Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642788327 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 474
Book Description
Recently, there have been significant advances in the fields of high-enthalpy hypersonic flows, high-temperature gas physics, and chemistry shock propagation in various media, industrial and medical applications of shock waves, and shock-tube technology. This series contains all the papers and lectures of the 19th International Symposium on Shock Waves held in Marseille in 1993. They will be published in four topical volumes, each containing papers on related topics, and preceded by an overview written by a leading international expert. The volumes may be purchased independently.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 96
Book Description
A research program is described whose objectives include the quantitative measurement of the ultraviolet radiation behind strong shock waves in air, the identification of the radiating species and the determination of the mechanisms and rates that govern the emission. A shock tube was used to generate 3-4 km/s shock waves through air and oxygen nitrogen mixtures at initial pressures between 0.36-2.25 torr. The temporal gas-radiance profiles recorded radiometrically exhibited strong non-equilibrium overshoots, followed by decay to steady-state equilibrium. The dependence of the peak overshoot values on wave speed and pressure was measured and shown to scale with density. Emission spectra of the gas both in the overshoot region and the equilibrium region showed the NO gamma band system between 210 and 340 nm to be the dominant radiation source. The role of O2 Schumann-Runge radiation in this region was also studied; in pure O2 no overshoot was recorded. Infrared vibronic emission profiles were also measured and shown to be a description of the NO concentration growth. It was found that currently accepted rates for air ground-state chemistry do not predict the NO generation correctly. Finally, a simplified excitation model is suggested to describe the ultraviolet radiation behind the shock wave.
Author: Claire Edwin Chapin
Author: Claire Edwin Chapin
Author: Raymond Brun
Author: Carlo Ferrari
Author: John E. Nealy
Author: Joseph Henry Clarke
Author: William Henry Foley
Author: Wallace Hayes
Author: Martin Philip Sherman
Author: Raymond Brun
Author: