Nondestructive Testing Technique to Quantify Deterioration from Marine Borer Attack in Sitka Spruce and Western Hemlock Logs PDF Download
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Author: Robert Jon Ross Publisher: ISBN: Category : Marine borers Languages : en Pages : 8
Book Description
Stress-wave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are used widely in the forest products industry--from the grading of wood veneer to inspection of timber structures. Inspection professionals frequently use stress-wave NDE techniques to locate internal voids and decayed or deteriorated areas in large timbers. Although these techniques have proven useful, little information exists concerning the relationship between stress-wave parameters and deterioration observed as a consequence of marine borer attack. In this pilot test, we examined the relationship between stress-wave transmission time and the quality of wood in Sitka spruce and western hemlock logs that had varying degrees of deterioration as a consequence of attack from marine borers. Stress-wave transmission time, perpendicular to grain, was measured at several locations on each log. The logs were then sawn into lumber, which was then visually evaluated. A relationship was observed between stress-wave transmission time and deterioration of the logs and the yield of lumber from the logs.
Author: Robert Jon Ross Publisher: ISBN: Category : Marine borers Languages : en Pages : 8
Book Description
Stress-wave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are used widely in the forest products industry--from the grading of wood veneer to inspection of timber structures. Inspection professionals frequently use stress-wave NDE techniques to locate internal voids and decayed or deteriorated areas in large timbers. Although these techniques have proven useful, little information exists concerning the relationship between stress-wave parameters and deterioration observed as a consequence of marine borer attack. In this pilot test, we examined the relationship between stress-wave transmission time and the quality of wood in Sitka spruce and western hemlock logs that had varying degrees of deterioration as a consequence of attack from marine borers. Stress-wave transmission time, perpendicular to grain, was measured at several locations on each log. The logs were then sawn into lumber, which was then visually evaluated. A relationship was observed between stress-wave transmission time and deterioration of the logs and the yield of lumber from the logs.
Author: Robert Jon Ross Publisher: ISBN: Category : Marine borers Languages : en Pages : 8
Book Description
Stress-wave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are used widely in the forest products industry--from the grading of wood veneer to inspection of timber structures. Inspection professionals frequently use stress-wave NDE techniques to locate internal voids and decayed or deteriorated areas in large timbers. Although these techniques have proven useful, little information exists concerning the relationship between stress-wave parameters and deterioration observed as a consequence of marine borer attack. In this pilot test, we examined the relationship between stress-wave transmission time and the quality of wood in Sitka spruce and western hemlock logs that had varying degrees of deterioration as a consequence of attack from marine borers. Stress-wave transmission time, perpendicular to grain, was measured at several locations on each log. The logs were then sawn into lumber, which was then visually evaluated. A relationship was observed between stress-wave transmission time and deterioration of the logs and the yield of lumber from the logs.
Author: Michael A. Ritter Publisher: ISBN: 9781410221919 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 500
Book Description
Timber's strength, light weight, and energy-absorbing properties furnish features desirable for bridge construction. Timber is capable of supporting short-term overloads without adverse effects. Contrary to popular belief, large wood members provide good fire resistance qualities that meet or exceed those of other materials in severe fire exposures. From an economic standpoint, wood is competitive with other materials on a first-cost basis and shows advantages when life cycle costs are compared. Timber bridges can be constructed in virtually any weather conditions, without detriment to the material. Wood is not damaged by continuous freezing and thawing and resists harmful effects of de-icing agents, which cause deterioration in other bridge materials. Timber bridges do not require special equipment for installation and can normally be constructed without highly skilled labor. They also present a natural and aesthetically pleasing appearance, particularly in natural surroundings. The misconception that wood provides a short service life has plagued timber as a construction material. Although wood is susceptible to decay or insect attack under specific conditions, it is inherently a very durable material when protected from moisture. Many covered bridges built during the 19th century have lasted over 100 years because they were protected from direct exposure to the elements. In modem applications, it is seldom practical or economical to cover bridges; however, the use of wood preservatives has extended the life of wood used in exposed bridge applications. Using modem application techniques and preservative chemicals, wood can now be effectively protected from deterioration for periods of 50 years or longer. In addition, wood treated with preservatives requires little maintenance and no painting. Another misconception about wood as a bridge material is that its use is limited to minor structures of no appreciable size. This belief is probably based on the fact that trees for commercial timber are limited in size and are normally harvested before they reach maximum size. Although tree diameter limits the size of sawn lumber, the advent of glued-laminated timber (glulam) some 40 years ago provided designers with several compensating alternatives. Glulam, which is the most widely used modem timber bridge material, is manufactured by bonding sawn lumber laminations together with waterproof structural adhesives. Thus, glulam members are virtually unlimited in depth, width, and length and can be manufactured in a wide range of shapes. Glulam provides higher design strengths than sawn lumber and provides better utilization of the available timber resource by permitting the manufacture of large wood structural elements from smaller lumber sizes. Technological advances in laminating over the past four decades have further increased the suitability and performance of wood for modern highway bridge applications.
Author: Francis W.M.R. Schwarze Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642573029 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 195
Book Description
Wood-destroying fungi play an important role in nature, because they are the only forms of life capable of reducing wood to its initial constituents. However, they can also be dangerous for people and property, as they can impair the stability and fracture-safety of trees. This book gives detailed information, based on new and original scientfic findings, on the examination and effects of the most important species of fungi associated with failure of infected urban trees. In addition, new ways are presented for predicting the advance of decay in the living tree. The subject is illustrated and made easily accessible by numerous colored photos of fungus fruit bodies, defect symptoms, and macroscopic and microscopic pictures of wood decay. A detailed introduction to the fundamentals of wood pathology provides a way into the subjects of applied mycology and tree care for readers without previous special knowledge. Francis W.M.R. Schwarze, National Diploma of Arboriculture at Merrist Wood College, UK (1991), Master of Science in Pure, Applied Plant and Fungal Taxonomy, University of Reading, UK (1992), doctorate at Freiburg University (1995), since 1996 assistant at the Institute for Forest Botany and Tree Physiology at Freiburg University, concentrating on research into wood-destroying fungi and host-fungus interactions. Julia Engels, Diploma Forester at Freiburg University (1995), doctorate on root fungi at Freiburg University (1998). Since 1998 active in tree care and mycology in Luxembourg. Claus Mattheck, born 1947, doctorate in theoretical physics (1973), qualified as lecturer on damage studies at Karlsruhe University (1985), and now teaches there as Professor. Since 1991 he has been an officially appointed and attested expert on tree mechanics and fracture behaviour. Has been awarded numerous prizes for research and publication. Head of the Biomechanics Department at the Karlsruhe Research Centre.
Author: A. Stokes Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401734690 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 411
Book Description
This publication comprises the proceedings of the first International Conference devoted to the structural roots of trees and woody plants. 'The Supporting Roots - Structure and Function,' 20-24 July 1998, Bordeaux, France. The meeting was held under the auspices ofIUFRO WPS 2. 01. 13 'Root Physiology and Symbiosis,' and its aim was to bring together scientific researchers, foresters and arboriculturalists, to discuss current problems in structural root research and disseminate knowledge to an audience from a wide disciplinary background. For the first time in an international conference, emphasis was placed on presenting recent reseach in the field of tree anchorage mechanics and root biomechanics. The way in which tree stability can be affected by root system symmetry and architecture was addressed, as well as how movement during wind sway can influence the development and shape of woody roots. The role of different nursery and planting techniques was discussed, in relation to effects on root system form and development. Root response to different environmental stresses, including water, temperature, nutrient and mechanical stress was addressed in detail. The structure and function of woody roots was also considered at different levels, from coarse to fine roots, with several papers discussing the interaction between roots and the rhizosphere. One of the conference highlights was the presentation of new methods in root research, by a series of workshops held at LRBB-INRA, Pierroton, on the northern border of the Gascony forest.
Author: Stewart Maginnis Publisher: Taylor & Francis ISBN: 1136565396 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 274
Book Description
At last a really useful book telling us how all the rhetoric about ecosystem approaches and sustainable forest management is being translated into practical solutions on the ground CLAUDE MARTIN, WWF INTERNATIONAL For too long, foresters have seen forests as logs waiting to be turned into something useful. This book demonstrates that forests in fact have multiple values, and managing them as ecosystems will bring more benefits to a greater cross-section of the public JEFFREY A. MCNEELY, CHIEF SCIENTIST, IUCN This book demonstrates that [ecosystem approaches and sustainable forest management] are neither alternative methods of forest management nor are they simply complicated ways of saying the same thing. They are both emerging concepts for more integrated and holistic ways of managing forests within larger landscapes in ways that optimize benefits to all stakeholders ACHIM STEINER AND IAN JOHNSON, FROM THE FOREWORD Recent innovations in Sustainable Forest Management and Ecosystem Approaches are resulting in forests increasingly being managed as part of the broader social-ecological systems in which they exist. Forests in Landscapes reviews changes that have occurred in forest management in recent decades. Case studies from Europe, Canada, the United States, Russia, Australia, the Congo and Central America provide a wealth of international examples of innovative practices. Cross-cutting chapters examine the political ecology and economics of forest management, and review the information needs and the use and misuse of criteria and indicators to achieve broad societal goals for forests. A concluding chapter draws out the key lessons of changes in forest management in recent decades and sets out some thoughts for the future. This book is a must-read for practitioners, researchers and policy makers concerned with forests and land use. It contains lessons for all those concerned with forests as sources of people's livelihoods and as part of rural landscapes. Published with IUCN and PROFOR
Author: Robert Jon Ross
Author: Robert Jon Ross
Author: Robert Jon Ross
Author: Robert Jon Ross
Author: 
Author: Michael A. Ritter
Author: Francis W.M.R. Schwarze
Author: A. Stokes
Author: Peter Koch
Author: John Norman Alden
Author: Stewart Maginnis