Non-target Impact of Rhinocyllus Conicus (Froelich) on Thistles Native to California and Their Associated Insect Fauna PDF Download
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Author: Kikuo Oishi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Beetles Languages : en Pages : 196
Book Description
This thesis discusses the biology of Rhinocyllus conicus and its effectivenss as a biological control agent of Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus L.
Author: Kikuo Oishi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Beetles Languages : en Pages : 196
Book Description
This thesis discusses the biology of Rhinocyllus conicus and its effectivenss as a biological control agent of Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus L.
Author: Gregory James Wiggins Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 173
Book Description
Rhinocyllus conicus Fröelich and Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) were introduced from Europe into North America as biological control agents of the exotic weed species Carduus nutans L. Concern exists over the feeding of these weevils on at least 25 species of native Cirsium thistles. Research was conducted to 1) estimate phenological synchrony of the eight thistle species in Tennessee with R. conicus and T. horridus, 2) investigate naturally-occurring populations of the five native Cirsium thistle species for non-target activity by R. conicus and T. horridus, 3) quantify the impacts to plants of each thistle species to feeding of R. conicus and T. horridus, and 4) identify potential areas of non-target feeding by the weevils using spatial analysis. Phenologies of two native species, C. carolinianum and C. horridulum, are synchronous with R. conicus reproduction, and all eight thistle species are phenologically synchronous with the reproduction of T. horridus. No non-target activity by R. conicus was observed in naturally-occurring populations of Cirsium thistles, but adults of T. horridus were documented for the first time on the native species C. carolinianum, C. horridulum, and C. muticum. In caged plant studies, larvae of R. conicus completed development in heads of C. carolinianum and C. horridulum and reduced seed numbers of both native species. Basal meristems of all eight thistle species exposed to T. horridus were damaged at varying levels in caged plant studies, but no other impacts to plants were observed. Spatial analyses showed associations between Mahalanobis distance values and plant counts of Carduus nutans and Cirsium carolinianum in predicted habitats, and the occurrence of Carduus nutans was associated with the occurrence of both weevil species in these habitats. About 12% of the total study area consisted of habitats where C. nutans and Cirsium carolinianum overlap. The potential exists for these weevils to utilize native Cirsium species found in Tennessee as plant hosts. The spatial model developed during this study not only allows potential monitoring of populations of C. carolinianum to be more targeted, but also may be modified to apply to other systems involving interactions among introduced and native species.
Author: Erin E. Fegley Publisher: ISBN: Category : Beetles Languages : en Pages : 99
Book Description
Better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant-insect interactions has important applications in ecology, agriculture, and pest management. Larinus planus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Eurasian seed predator, was distributed in the U.S. and Canada as a biocontrol for weedy thistles. It now has non-target impacts on natives, including the federally listed shoreline endemic, Cirsium pitcheri [Torr. ex Eaton] Torr. and A. Gray (Pitcher's thistle). Females weevils lay eggs (oviposit) in floral heads; larvae then consume ovules and seeds as they develop. I asked: 1) What factors put some C. pitcheri plants at risk from L. planus? and 2) How might non-target impacts affect population dynamics? Damage from Larinus planus on flowering C. pitcheri occurred mostly in the northern and shoreward dunes. Impact of L. planus on C. pitcheri can be influenced by: 1) abundance of C. pitcheri as host plant and 2) other plant associates in the community. I measured these factors in 77 randomly distributed 100 m2 plots in two state parks in northern lower Michigan, including a long-term study site at Sturgeon Bay, Wilderness State Park. Larinus planus damage was not significantly associated with abundance of flowering C. pitcheri or percent cover of other plant associates. I also used discriminant function analysis (DFA) to ask which C. pitcheri plants were at risk of damage by L. planus including the factors of northing and easting coordinates, host abundance, and percent vegetation cover. The DFA forecasted 73.1% of plants that would have received damage from L. planus. We rely on the use of models to predict population size and viability for the conservation of rare species. I compared L. planus impacts on a C. pitcheri population using two population models: stage-based matrix (SBM) and integral projection (IPM) models. SBM has some biases; IPM is offered as an alternative model. The models showed similar trends in yearly population growth rates and predicted similar time to extinction for C. pitcheri populations. Seed predation by weevils decreased population time to extinction in both models, but SBM showed a greater decrease than IPM. My elasticity analysis also confirms earlier suggestions that survival of the smallest individuals most affects population growth and should be the focus of conservation. Effective pest management, including unintended damage from biocontrol agents, requires extensive biological knowledge of plant-insect interactions. For L. planus, host plant abundance and other plant associates do not appear to directly influence host choice; however, sample sizes and use of non-parametric analyses may limit the strength of my inferences. Further study is needed on behavior, population dynamics, and overwintering of this weevil. For C. pitcheri, less intensive stage-based modelling offers outcomes similar to integral projection approaches and remains a viable tool for conservation. Further development of appropriate assessment of Pitcher's thistle fecundity, relative to plant size and seedling recruitment, is a needed next step. Population-level impacts from seed predators are significant, no matter what the model, and are greater for rare plants. Assessment of new threats from regular monitoring and adaptive management are critical for effective conservation, particularly in a time of global change.
Author: Jaclyn N Inkster Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 77
Book Description
Biological control is one of the tools used for integrated pest management of invasive plant species but it is not without risks to native plants. I researched the non-target impacts of the biological control agent, the seed head weevil Larinus planus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on the Great Lakes dune and cobble shore endemic threatened thistle, Cirsium pitcheri (Asteraceae). Pitcher's thistle is an herbaceous perennial monocarpic plant with no means of vegetative reproduction, relying solely on seed set for population persistence. The seed head weevil is univoltine and lays eggs in thistle heads. The developing larva chews the ovules or seeds before emerging as an adult to overwinter in leaf litter. I repeatedly surveyed Pitcher's thistle plants from three populations in northern lower Michigan for impacts. The insect oviposits on thistle heads from mid-June to early July, before C. pitcheri flowering. Heads that received oviposition were on average 12-14 mm in diameter. Approximately 32% of the 1,695 heads surveyed had oviposition. A subset of dissected heads had 56% weevil egg mortality. With weevil survival, the number of filled seeds was reduced by 62%. A generalized linear mixed binary logistic model reported date of oviposition and size of heads as significant predictors of oviposition on heads. I tested the effectiveness of an organic insect deterrent, Surround[registered] WP, in reducing impacts on C. pitcheri. The kaolin clay is mixed in water and then applied to the plant create a protective film after drying. I first needed to confirm that kaolin clay did not negatively impact pollinator visits, which are important for seed set. To test this, I performed simultaneous 10 min observations on kaolin clay treated plants and untreated plants. Kaolin clay did not deter insect visits, affect species richness of visiting insects or change the length of the visit. To test the effectiveness in deterring the weevil I applied either kaolin clay or a water control to pairs of heads at Petoskey State Park. The clay-treated heads had significantly fewer oviposition holes, and were less likely to have oviposition holes at all. There was no significant difference in the mean number of chewed seeds between treatments; however, there were significantly more filled seeds in heads treated with kaolin clay than in water-treated heads. I recommend the application of kaolin clay to reproductive Pitcher's thistle plants mid-June to early July every 3-7 days on heads not yet flowering. Reduction of impact from Larinus planus is critical for conservation of this species and may also be important for the entire network of insect flower visitors in the dune ecosystem. Pitcher's thistle flowers from late-June to early August. Many species of insect from several taxonomic orders visit Pitcher's thistle flower heads indicating a generalist pollination syndrome. Generalist plants are often important floral resources that maintain plant-pollinator network structure, potentially as keystone species. I hypothesized that Pitcher's thistle is an important floral resource for the flower-visiting insects during its flowering period. To test this hypothesis I performed insect visitor observations on all the insect pollinated plants in randomly selected plots in the dunes of Sturgeon Bay, Wilderness State Park, MI. C. pitcheri received more visits and had more visitor species than any other plant in the network by a large margin. I used R Bipartite package to calculate species-level network metrics such as species strength and weighted connectedness and betweenness. I consistently found Pitcher's thistle to have the highest scores. The index d' rated Pitcher's thistle as the most generalized, i.e., received the most insect visitors. C. pitcheri also had a disproportionate effect on the flower-visiting insect fauna, relative to the abundance of its floral resources (number of open flowers, number of plants observed). Other plants in plant-pollinator networks have been shown to be important, perhaps keystone species, using this technique of species-level network metrics. Pitcher's thistle is an important species for the plant-insect network of the dune ecosystem. Insects and the flowering plants they visit and should be prioritized for conservation.
Author: Peter A. Follett Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461545773 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 314
Book Description
Nontarget Effects of Biological Control is the first book of its kind. The environmental safety of biological control has come under scrutiny due to several areas of concerns: the irreversibility of alien introductions, the prevalence of host switching to innocuous native or beneficial species, dispersal of the biocontrol agent to new habitats away from croplands, and the lack of research on the efficacy and impact of biocontrol attempts. The debate has been strongly polarized between conservationists and biological control practitioners. Nontarget Effects of Biological Control proposes that retrospective analyses of systems in place in which nontarget effects are now documented or suspected provide the necessary information for planning and evaluating future releases to reduce risk. The book presents case histories of past biological control introductions from island and continental ecosystems.
Author: David Langor Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9789048181803 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Since the arrival of Europeans about 500 years ago, an estimated 50,000 non-native species have been introduced to North America (including Hawaii). Non-native species figure prominently in our lives, often as ornamentals, sources of food or pests. Although many introduced species are beneficial, there is increasing awareness of the enormous economic costs associated with non-native pests. In contrast, the ecological impacts of non-native species have received much less public and scientific attention, despite the fact that invasion by exotic species ranks second to habitat destruction as a cause of species loss. In particular, there is little information about the ecological impacts of hyper-diverse groups such as terrestrial fungi and invertebrates. A science symposium, Ecological impacts of non-native invertebrates and fungi on terrestrial ecosystems, held in 2006, brought together scientists from the USA and Canada to review the state of knowledge in this field of work. Additional reviews were solicited following the symposium. The resulting set of review/synthesis papers and case studies represents a cross-section of work on ecological impacts of non-native terrestrial invertebrates and fungi. Although there is a strong focus on Canadian work, there is also significant presentation of work in the northern USA and Europe.
Author: Jim Cullen Publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING ISBN: 0643104216 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 641
Book Description
Biological control of weeds has been practised for over 100 years and Australia has been a leader in this weed management technique. The classical example of control of prickly pears in Australia by the cactus moth Cactoblastis cactorum, which was imported from the Americas, helped to set the future for biocontrol of weeds in many countries. Since then there have been many projects using Classical Biological Control to manage numerous weed species, many of which have been successful. Importantly, there have been no serious negative non-target impacts – the technique, when practised as it is in Australia, is safe and environmentally friendly. Economic assessments have shown that biocontrol of weeds in Australia has provided exceedingly high benefit-to-cost ratios. This book reviews biological control of weeds in Australia to 2011, covering over 90 weed species and a multitude of biological control agents and potential agents. Each chapter has been written by practising biological control of weeds researchers and provides details of the weed, the history of its biological control, exploration for agents, potential agents studied and agents released and the outcomes of those releases. Many weeds were successfully controlled, some were not, many projects are still underway, some have just begun, however all are reported in detail in this book. Biological Control of Weeds in Australia will provide invaluable information for biological control researchers in Australia and elsewhere. Agents used in Australia could be of immense value to other countries that suffer from the same weeds as Australia. The studies reported here provide direction to future research and provide examples and knowledge for researchers and students.
Author: Kikuo Oishi
Author: Kikuo Oishi
Author: John Conrad Herr
Author: Gregory James Wiggins
Author: Erin E. Fegley
Author: ![THE ANTAGONISTIC AND MUTUALISTIC PLANT-INSECT INTERACTIONS OF PITCHER'S THISTLE (CIRSIUM PITCHERI [TORR. EX EAT.] TORR. & A. GRAY, ASTERACEAE), A FEDERALLY THREATENED GREAT LAKES DUNE AND COBBLE SHORE ENDEMIC PLANT. PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/zo2DAQAACAAJ?fife=w80-h100)
Author: Jaclyn N Inkster
Author: Alain Roques
Author: Peter A. Follett
Author: David Langor
Author: Jim Cullen