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Author: Mark Fossett Publisher: Springer ISBN: 331941304X Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 348
Book Description
This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. This book introduces new methods for measuring and analyzing residential segregation. It begins by placing all popular segregation indices in the “difference of group means” framework wherein index scores can be obtained as simple differences of group means on individual-level residential attainments scored from area racial composition. Drawing on the insight that in this framework index scores are additively determined by individual residential attainments, the book shows that the level of segregation in a given city can be equated to the effect of group membership (e.g., race) on individual residential attainments. This unifies separate research traditions in the field by joining the analysis of segregation at the aggregate level with the analysis of residential attainments for individuals. Next it shows how segregation analysis can be extended by using multivariate attainment models to assess the impact of group membership (i.e., the level of segregation for a city) while including controls for other relevant individual characteristics (e.g., income, education, language, nativity, etc.). It then illustrates how one can use these models to quantitatively assess the extent to which segregation traces to impacts of group membership on residential attainments versus other factors such as group differences in income. The book then shows how micro-level attainment models can be used to study macro-level variation in segregation; specifically, by estimating multi-level models of individual residential attainments to assess how the effect of group membership (i.e., segregation index scores) vary with city characteristics. Finally, the book introduces refined versions of popular indices that are free of the vexing problem of upward bias. This improves the quality of segregation measurement directly at the level of individual cases and expanding the number of cases that can be safely included in empirical studies.
Author: Mark Fossett Publisher: Springer ISBN: 331941304X Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 348
Book Description
This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. This book introduces new methods for measuring and analyzing residential segregation. It begins by placing all popular segregation indices in the “difference of group means” framework wherein index scores can be obtained as simple differences of group means on individual-level residential attainments scored from area racial composition. Drawing on the insight that in this framework index scores are additively determined by individual residential attainments, the book shows that the level of segregation in a given city can be equated to the effect of group membership (e.g., race) on individual residential attainments. This unifies separate research traditions in the field by joining the analysis of segregation at the aggregate level with the analysis of residential attainments for individuals. Next it shows how segregation analysis can be extended by using multivariate attainment models to assess the impact of group membership (i.e., the level of segregation for a city) while including controls for other relevant individual characteristics (e.g., income, education, language, nativity, etc.). It then illustrates how one can use these models to quantitatively assess the extent to which segregation traces to impacts of group membership on residential attainments versus other factors such as group differences in income. The book then shows how micro-level attainment models can be used to study macro-level variation in segregation; specifically, by estimating multi-level models of individual residential attainments to assess how the effect of group membership (i.e., segregation index scores) vary with city characteristics. Finally, the book introduces refined versions of popular indices that are free of the vexing problem of upward bias. This improves the quality of segregation measurement directly at the level of individual cases and expanding the number of cases that can be safely included in empirical studies.
Author: Amber R. Crowell Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3031383710 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 260
Book Description
This open access book provides new findings on and insights into trends and patterns in residential segregation between racial and ethnic groups in the United States. It draws on new methods that make it possible to investigate segregation involving small groups and segregation patterns in nonmetropolitan communities with greater accuracy and clarity than has previously been possible. As one example, the authors are able to track residential segregation patterns across a wide selection of nonmetropolitan communities where Black, Latino, and Asian populations are small but can still potentially experience segregation. The authors also track White-Latino segregation from its inception when Latino households first arrived in non-negligible numbers in new destination communities and then document how segregation changes over time as the Latino population grows over time to become larger and more established. Finally, this work shows how segregation of Latino and Asian households is fundamentally different from that of Black households based on the much greater role that cultural and socioeconomic characteristics play in shaping White-Latino and White-Asian segregation in comparison to White-Black segregation.
Author: Lloyd, Christopher D. Publisher: Policy Press ISBN: 144730134X Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 456
Book Description
This volume brings together leading researchers from the United States, United Kingdom, and Europe to explore the processes that lead to segregation and the outcomes and implications that result. Making use of new methods and data sources that offer fresh perspectives on segregation in different contexts, the book considers how the spatial patterning of segregation might be best understood and measured.
Author: Natalia Vorotyntseva Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
There are many segregation measures introduced and utilized in geographic research up to this date. Because residential segregation can be defined in more than one way the measure’s formulation is dependent on the particular definition the researcher is trying to reflect. Another distinctive feature of the quantitative exploration of segregation is the role of geographic scale. In contrast, global indices focus on overall level of spatial separation of population in the urban area while local indices assume that the index magnitude varies from place to place across the city. The main purpose of this study is to introduce a new measure of segregation that focuses on the lack of interactions of the population groups and to explore its properties. The proposed measure is a modified co-location quotient (CLQ) that was originally applied to point data as a measure of spatial association between two categorical variables. The first part of this dissertation introduces two versions of modified CLQ that are applicable to categories of areally aggregated population. One is the global measure that captures the overall exposure of one population group given the presence of another group. The local version of the measure describes levels of exposure for every single spatial unit. Both, global and local quotients have two basic specifications – two-group CLQ and same-group CLQ. Each variant of the measure allows the option to include the neighborhood size in computation, which theoretically defines the space within which people have the possibility for interaction. The use of CLQ in the proposed mathematical configuration expands the discussion of dimensions of segregation by suggesting the connection between different dimensions that are covered by co-location measure. Using publicly available data from U.S. Census Bureau on racial composition of population CLQs were computed for thirty urban areas, where twenty nine are metro areas and one is Washington D.C. The basic units of analysis are census tracts and block groups that contain aggregated population counts. Three decennial releases are used: 1990, 2000 and 2010. The results suggest an overall, but uneven, increase in the exposure of white people in given urban areas. Patterns of concentration for white people remained stable over the time span. But the concentration of black people shows a substantial decrease indicating an increasing exposure of blacks in the global sense. Conversely, same-group CLQs for whites and for blacks indicate unequal experiences for these two population groups in America. Additionally, various visualization techniques related to co-location measure were explored. The pointillist approach, suggested in this study, is found to be particularly effective technique for displaying CLQ results compared to widely utilized choropleth mapping.
Author: Ross William Fineman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 218
Book Description
The study of segregation is essential for understanding how place influences life outcomes. However, traditional segregation indices rely heavily on the use of areal units for calculation, which risks introducing both measurement and interpretation error. Researchers suggest that individual-level data avoids many of the problems facing traditional area-level indices. In this Dissertation, I use the recent release of the complete 1940 Census to investigate the potential problems with measuring segregation with areal units and develop a new method for measuring segregation at the individual level. In Chapter 1, I investigate the potential impact the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) may have on accurately measuring segregation when using areal unit indices. In Chapter 2, I develop a new measure of segregation, the Shortest Path Isolation (SPI) index, which captures the degree of racial isolation from the perspective of what an individual would experience. Using the SPI index developed in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 investigates how individual-level racial isolation in 1940 West Philadelphia is associated with access to neighborhood resources by race. Given that our understanding is only as good as our measurement, it is imperative that our measures accurately reflect our perceptions of segregation.
Author: Trevon D'Marcus Logan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Discrimination in housing Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This paper introduces a new measure of residential segregation based on individual-level data. We exploit complete census manuscript files to derive a measure of segregation based upon the racial similarity of next-door neighbors. Our measure allows us to analyze segregation consistently and comprehensively for all areas in the United States and allows for a richer view of the variation in segregation across time and space. We show that the fineness of our measure reveals aspects of racial sorting that cannot be captured by traditional segregation indices. Our measure can distinguish between the effects of increasing racial homogeneity of a location and the tendency to segregate within a location given a particular racial composition. Analysis of neighbor-based segregation over time establishes several new facts about segregation. First, segregation doubled nationally from 1880 to 1940. Second, contrary to previous estimates, we find that urban areas in the South were the most segregated in the country and remained so over time. Third, the dramatic increase in segregation in the twentieth century was not driven by urbanization, black migratory patterns, or white flight to suburban areas, but rather resulted from a national increase in racial sorting at the household level. The likelihood that an African American household had a non-African American neighbor declined by more than 15 percentage points (more than a 25% decrease) through the mid-twentieth century. In all areas of the United States -- North and South, urban and rural -- racial segregation increased dramatically.
Author: Federico Echenique Publisher: ISBN: Category : Segregation Languages : en Pages : 53
Book Description
This paper develops a measure of segregation based on two premises: (1) a measure of segregation should disaggregate to the level of individuals, and (2) an individual is more segregated the more segregated are the agents with whom she interacts. Developing three desirable axioms that any segregation measure should satisfy, we prove that one and only one segregation index satisfies our three axioms, and the two aims mentioned above; which we coin the Spectral Segregation Index. We apply the index to two well-studied social phenomena: residential and school segregation. We calculate the extent of residential segregation across major US cities using data from the 2000 US Census. The correlation between the Spectral index and the commonly-used dissimilarity index is .42. Using detailed data on friendship networks, available in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we calculate the prevalence of within-school racial segregation. The results suggests that the percent of minority students within a school, commonly used as a substitute for a measure of in-school segregation, is a poor proxy for social interactions.
Author: David C. Folch Publisher: ISBN: Category : Cities and towns Languages : en Pages : 137
Book Description
Decades ago in the U.S., clear lines delineated which neighborhoods were acceptable for certain people and which were not. Techniques such as steering and biased mortgage practices continue to perpetuate a segregated outcome for many residents. In contrast, ethnic enclaves and age restricted communities are viewed as voluntary segregation based on cultural and social amenities. This diversity surrounding the causes of segregation are not just region-wide characteristics, but can vary within a region. Local segregation analysis aims to uncover this local variation, and hence open the door to policy solutions not visible at the global scale. The centralization index, originally introduced as a global measure of segregation focused on spatial concentration of two population groups relative a region's urban center, has lost relevancy in recent decades as regions have become polycentric, and the index's magnitude is sensitive to the particular point chosen as the center. These attributes, which make it a poor global measure, are leveraged here to repurpose the index as a local measure. The index's ability to differentiate minority from majority segregation, and its focus on a particular location within a region make it an ideal local segregation index. Based on the local centralization index for two groups, a local multigroup variation is defined, and a local space-time redistribution index is presented capturing change in concentration of a single population group over two time periods. Permutation based inference approaches are used to test the statistical significance of measured index values. Applications to the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area show persistent cores of black and white segregation over the years 1990, 2000 and 2010, and a trend of white segregated neighborhoods increasing at a faster rate than black. An analysis of the Phoenix area's recently opened light rail system shows that its 28 stations are located in areas of significant white, black and Hispanic segregation, and there is a clear concentration of renters over owners around most stations. There is little indication of statistically significant change in segregation or population concentration around the stations, indicating a lack of near term impact of light rail on the region's overall demographics.
Author: Mark Fossett
Author: Mark Fossett
Author: Mark Fossett
Author: Amber R. Crowell
Author: Lloyd, Christopher D.
Author: Natalia Vorotyntseva
Author: Ross William Fineman
Author: Trevon D'Marcus Logan
Author: Allen C. Goodman
Author: Federico Echenique
Author: David C. Folch