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Author: Christopher T. Zugates Publisher: ISBN: 9780549098584 Category : Languages : en Pages : 141
Book Description
Recently improved genetic mosaic methods permit unprecedented resolution for study of neural circuitry formation in Drosophila melanogaster. This study utilizes new mosaic methods to investigate conserved mechanisms that underlie the development of adult-specific neurons. In addition to providing several novel insights about the genetics of neural circuitry development, this study also provides a framework for increased resolution in examination of lineage and morphology in the Drosophila brain. First, mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) reveals stereotyped lineage and morphogenesis in the ellipsoid body (EB), a center of locomotor regulation, resembling development of the mushroom bodies (MB's), sites involved heavily in olfactory learning. In addition, EB neuron birth and axon development are widely separated in time making them ideal model neurons for further studies. Second, comparative genetic mosaic analysis of EB and dorsal cluster (DC) neurons suggests that TGF-beta signaling is widely required for maturation and morphogenesis of post-mitotic adult-specific neurons. Third, combined application of MARCM with a newly developed technique, called "Flip-out" MARCM, reveals that the Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) is required for suppressing ectopic bifurcation MB axons and for promoting divergent guidance of growth cones. Knockout of Dscam in EB neurons reveals a general role in formation and guidance of axonal branches. Finally, combining mosaic methods to study both cellular genetic requirements and phenotypes suggest a non-autonomous requirement for the atypical receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), Linotte/Derailed (Lio/Drl), in patterning MB axon lobe architecture. In the development of MB circuitry, Lio/Drl may act to counter Wnt5 signaling, which appears to be generally required for axon extension across the brain midline.
Author: Christopher T. Zugates Publisher: ISBN: 9780549098584 Category : Languages : en Pages : 141
Book Description
Recently improved genetic mosaic methods permit unprecedented resolution for study of neural circuitry formation in Drosophila melanogaster. This study utilizes new mosaic methods to investigate conserved mechanisms that underlie the development of adult-specific neurons. In addition to providing several novel insights about the genetics of neural circuitry development, this study also provides a framework for increased resolution in examination of lineage and morphology in the Drosophila brain. First, mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) reveals stereotyped lineage and morphogenesis in the ellipsoid body (EB), a center of locomotor regulation, resembling development of the mushroom bodies (MB's), sites involved heavily in olfactory learning. In addition, EB neuron birth and axon development are widely separated in time making them ideal model neurons for further studies. Second, comparative genetic mosaic analysis of EB and dorsal cluster (DC) neurons suggests that TGF-beta signaling is widely required for maturation and morphogenesis of post-mitotic adult-specific neurons. Third, combined application of MARCM with a newly developed technique, called "Flip-out" MARCM, reveals that the Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) is required for suppressing ectopic bifurcation MB axons and for promoting divergent guidance of growth cones. Knockout of Dscam in EB neurons reveals a general role in formation and guidance of axonal branches. Finally, combining mosaic methods to study both cellular genetic requirements and phenotypes suggest a non-autonomous requirement for the atypical receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), Linotte/Derailed (Lio/Drl), in patterning MB axon lobe architecture. In the development of MB circuitry, Lio/Drl may act to counter Wnt5 signaling, which appears to be generally required for axon extension across the brain midline.
Author: Arzu Çelik Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319573632 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 517
Book Description
This book offers representative examples from fly and mouse models to illustrate the ongoing success of the synergistic, state-of-the-art strategy, focusing on the ways it enhances our understanding of sensory processing. The authors focus on sensory systems (vision, olfaction), which are particularly powerful models for probing the development, connectivity, and function of neural circuits, to answer this question: How do individual nerve cells functionally cooperate to guide behavioral responses? Two genetically tractable species, mice and flies, together significantly further our understanding of these processes. Current efforts focus on integrating knowledge gained from three interrelated fields of research: (1) understanding how the fates of different cell types are specified during development, (2) revealing the synaptic connections between identified cell types (“connectomics”) using high-resolution three-dimensional circuit anatomy, and (3) causal testing of how iden tified circuit elements contribute to visual perception and behavior.
Author: Bassem A. Hassan Publisher: Humana Press ISBN: 9781493962396 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 278
Book Description
The small fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has for over a century now had a large impact on biological and biomedical research; however, our knowledge of the fly brain has lagged significantly behind our understanding of other aspects of its development, physiology, and function. In The Making and Un-Making of Neuronal Circuits in Drosophila, innovative expert neuroscientists in the field present the ideas and concepts behind the methods, tools, and tricks that are currently being utilized to decode the secrets of this valuable insect’s brain. Focused on the concept of a neuronal circuit, defined as a series of synaptically connected neurons subservient to a particular behavioral modality, this volume contains chapters dealing with anatomical analysis with a focus on cellular and sub-cellular morphologies. These detailed approaches fall under the headings of “Physiology” and “Behavior”, conveniently divided the book into two sections. Written in the easy-to-follow Neuromethods series format, this work provides the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results. Inventive and accessible, The Making and Un-Making of Neuronal Circuits in Drosophila provides the information and tools necessary to carry out current experiments and, more importantly, further advance the progress of the Drosophila neurobiology field and neurobiology in general.
Author: Gregory Simon Chernomas Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have been the subject of significant research in recent times. Model organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster, have been used to gain insight into the origin and function of NSCs. To date, NSC-like cells, called neuroblasts, have been identified in Drosophila larvae. Whether NSCs or NPCs are also present in adults is unclear. The goal of my research is to identify and characterize NSCs/NPCs in theadult Drosophila brain and determine whether these cells are affected by aging. My findings indicate more cell division is present within the adult brain than previously thought. The majority of the dividing cells also do not appear to be glial or neuronal in nature suggesting the distinct possibility that these cells may be NSCs/NPCs. Insight into the function of NSCs/NPCs in Drosophila may lead to greater understanding of how injury, disease, and aging may effect NSC/NPC populations in mammals.
Author: Jaison Jiro Omoto Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 224
Book Description
Proper central nervous system (CNS) function in vertebrates and invertebrates alike requires the sufficient production of, and suitable interaction between, different classes of neurons and glial cells. Although a large heterogeneity exists between individual cells of the CNS, one can begin dissecting its construction, and ultimately function, based on developmental principles. One such principle is the lineage concept; accumulating evidence suggests that in the CNS of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, classes of cells can be defined based on their progenitor origin, or lineage. Neurons and/or glial cells which derive from an individual progenitor, of which there are approximately 100 per brain hemisphere, exhibit common structural properties. In this dissertation we describe the lineage relationship, and resultant characteristics, of Drosophila brain cells in two contexts: glial cells populating the neuropil-cortex interface (neuropil glia) and ensembles of neurons transmitting visual information to a higher-order brain region called the central complex (Anterior Visual Pathway). In the first context, we find that astrocyte-like glial cells (ALGs), a neuropil glia subtype reminiscent of vertebrate astrocytes, are generated in two distinct waves. The first wave results from the proliferation of embryonic progenitors in the basal brain, and produces the mature ALGs of the larval brain. ALGs of the adult brain, produced during the second wave, are generated from a completely separate population of progenitors in the larva. We also characterize the cytology of these glial populations. In the second context, we find that all ring neurons of the ellipsoid body, a subcompartment of the central complex, are generated from a single lineage called DALv2. Ring neurons are a peculiar neuronal class which has been previously shown to respond to visual stimuli and are required for higher-order visually-guided behaviors. We identify two further lineages, DALcl1 and 2, which generate parallel ensembles of neurons providing visual input to ring neurons. Importantly, neurons of DALcl1 and 2 are not only developmentally-distinct, but also exhibit structural and functional differences, highlighting the rarely demonstrated principle that functional neuronal circuitry can be mapped to developmental cell lineage. Taken together, this thesis validates the utility of employing the lineage principle to formulate hypotheses of circuit function and nervous system assembly in general.
Author: Zoe Natalie Ludlow Publisher: ISBN: Category : Drosophila Languages : en Pages : 616
Book Description
Inborn behaviours rely on neural circuits that are genetically determined during development. It is currently unknown how such circuits are formed. Here I address how genetic information is translated into inborn behaviour, by the development of neural circuit elements. I show that genetically-encoded clonal units constitute part of a neural circuit that mediates inborn walking behaviour in Drosophila. By genetic lineage tracing I found that embryonic neuroblasts ppd5 & ppd8 generate all large-field ring neurons intrinsic to the ellipsoid body of the central complex in the adult Drosophila brain. Using embryonic mutants I show that engrailed is required for initial formation of the ppd5/8 lineages, and that FGF8 signalling is required for their maintenance. I then used targeted RNAi to study the role of other genes in postembryonic development of the ppd5/8 lineages. I show that prospero is required to limit the number of neurons produced by ppd5/8, which is a prerequisite for formation of the ellipsoid body neuropil. pox neuro is required for proper morphological development of ring neurons, and Dscam is required to form the ring structure of the ellipsoid body. My results therefore outline a lineage-specific genetic programme which highlights a number of steps within the sequence of ring neuron formation. I further show, using targeted genetic manipulation of ppd5/8-derived GABAergic R2 & R4m neurons, that those cells control spontaneous walking activity but not startle-induced locomotion. My findings demonstrate that inherited genetic information is converted into stem cell-derived clonal units that form functional units of neural circuitry underlying inborn behaviour.
Author: Irene Wacker Publisher: Humana ISBN: 9781071606933 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 306
Book Description
This volume discusses different approaches to workflows for large volume electron microscopy - from preparation of samples to their imaging in a variety of microscopes - in some cases also applying correlative techniques. The chapters in this book cover topics such as correlative super resolution and electron microscopy to detect molecules in their native cellular context; low-threshold access to serial section arrays; improving serial blockface SEM by focal charge compensation; FIBSEM analysis of interfaces between hard technical devices and soft neuronal tissue; and image processing for volume electron microscopy. In Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory. Cutting-edge and authoritative, Volume Microscopy: Multiscale Imaging with Photons, Electrons, and Ions is a valuable resource for novice and expert scientists interested in learning more about this evolving field.
Author: Henry Kennedy Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319277774 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 173
Book Description
This book has brought together leading investigators who work in the new arena of brain connectomics. This includes ‘macro-connectome’ efforts to comprehensively chart long-distance pathways and functional networks; ‘micro-connectome’ efforts to identify every neuron, axon, dendrite, synapse, and glial process within restricted brain regions; and ‘meso-connectome’ efforts to systematically map both local and long-distance connections using anatomical tracers. This book highlights cutting-edge methods that can accelerate progress in elucidating static ‘hard-wired’ circuits of the brain as well as dynamic interactions that are vital for brain function. The power of connectomic approaches in characterizing abnormal circuits in the many brain disorders that afflict humankind is considered. Experts in computational neuroscience and network theory provide perspectives needed for synthesizing across different scales in space and time. Altogether, this book provides an integrated view of the challenges and opportunities in deciphering brain circuits in health and disease.
Author: Christopher T. Zugates
Author: Christopher T. Zugates
Author: Arzu Çelik
Author: Bassem A. Hassan
Author: Gregory Simon Chernomas
Author: Jaison Jiro Omoto
Author: Zoe Natalie Ludlow
Author: Irene Wacker
Author: Josh Dubnau
Author: Henry Kennedy
Author: Stanley Heinze