Author: Jose Biller
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0702044342
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 715
Book Description
Systemic disease involves several parts of the body or the complete system. This comprehensive reference focuses on the specific neurologic aspects of systemic disease. Part 3 includes coverage of oncologic disorders, organ transplantation, infectious diseases, tropical neurology, pregnancy, neuroanesthesia and other diseases and disorders. Each chapter provides a complete introduction to the neurologic aspect and provides the best known diagnostic and treatment practices. The collection will be a valuable and trusted resource for clinical neurologists, research neurologists and neuroscientists and general medical professionals as a first stop for a comprehensive and focused review of the state of the art for understanding the neurologic impact of each covered disease. - A comprehensive introduction and overview of the neurologic aspects of systemic disease - Part 3 covers of oncologic disorders, organ transplantation, infectious diseases, tropical neurology, pregnancy, neuroanesthesia and other diseases and disorders - Each chapter focuses on the neurologic aspects related to a specific disease presentation
Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease, Part III
Author: Jose Biller
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0702044342
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 715
Book Description
Systemic disease involves several parts of the body or the complete system. This comprehensive reference focuses on the specific neurologic aspects of systemic disease. Part 3 includes coverage of oncologic disorders, organ transplantation, infectious diseases, tropical neurology, pregnancy, neuroanesthesia and other diseases and disorders. Each chapter provides a complete introduction to the neurologic aspect and provides the best known diagnostic and treatment practices. The collection will be a valuable and trusted resource for clinical neurologists, research neurologists and neuroscientists and general medical professionals as a first stop for a comprehensive and focused review of the state of the art for understanding the neurologic impact of each covered disease. - A comprehensive introduction and overview of the neurologic aspects of systemic disease - Part 3 covers of oncologic disorders, organ transplantation, infectious diseases, tropical neurology, pregnancy, neuroanesthesia and other diseases and disorders - Each chapter focuses on the neurologic aspects related to a specific disease presentation
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0702044342
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 715
Book Description
Systemic disease involves several parts of the body or the complete system. This comprehensive reference focuses on the specific neurologic aspects of systemic disease. Part 3 includes coverage of oncologic disorders, organ transplantation, infectious diseases, tropical neurology, pregnancy, neuroanesthesia and other diseases and disorders. Each chapter provides a complete introduction to the neurologic aspect and provides the best known diagnostic and treatment practices. The collection will be a valuable and trusted resource for clinical neurologists, research neurologists and neuroscientists and general medical professionals as a first stop for a comprehensive and focused review of the state of the art for understanding the neurologic impact of each covered disease. - A comprehensive introduction and overview of the neurologic aspects of systemic disease - Part 3 covers of oncologic disorders, organ transplantation, infectious diseases, tropical neurology, pregnancy, neuroanesthesia and other diseases and disorders - Each chapter focuses on the neurologic aspects related to a specific disease presentation
Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease, Part III
Author: Jose Biller
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 9780702040887
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Systemic disease involves several parts of the body or the complete system. This comprehensive reference focuses on the specific neurologic aspects of systemic disease. Part 3 includes coverage of oncologic disorders, organ transplantation, infectious diseases, tropical neurology, pregnancy, neuroanesthesia and other diseases and disorders. Each chapter provides a complete introduction to the neurologic aspect and provides the best known diagnostic and treatment practices. The collection will be a valuable and trusted resource for clinical neurologists, research neurologists and neuroscientists and general medical professionals as a first stop for a comprehensive and focused review of the state of the art for understanding the neurologic impact of each covered disease.
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 9780702040887
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Systemic disease involves several parts of the body or the complete system. This comprehensive reference focuses on the specific neurologic aspects of systemic disease. Part 3 includes coverage of oncologic disorders, organ transplantation, infectious diseases, tropical neurology, pregnancy, neuroanesthesia and other diseases and disorders. Each chapter provides a complete introduction to the neurologic aspect and provides the best known diagnostic and treatment practices. The collection will be a valuable and trusted resource for clinical neurologists, research neurologists and neuroscientists and general medical professionals as a first stop for a comprehensive and focused review of the state of the art for understanding the neurologic impact of each covered disease.
Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease, Part II
Author: Jose Biller
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0702044334
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 629
Book Description
Systemic disease involves several parts of the body or the complete system. Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease, a two-part volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, focuses on the specific neurologic aspects of systemic disease. Part 2 includes coverage of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary, endocrinologic, and metabolic diseases, as well as nutritional, environmental, and hematologic disorders. Each chapter provides a complete introduction to the neurologic aspect and provides the best known diagnostic and treatment practices. The collection is a valuable and trusted resource for clinical neurologists, research neurologists, neuroscientists, and general medical professionals: a first stop for a focused review of the state of the art for understanding the neurologic impact of each covered disease. - A comprehensive introduction and overview of the neurologic aspects of systemic disease - Part 2 covers of gastrointestinal/hepatobiliary, endocrinologic, and metabolic diseases and nutritional, environmental, and hematologic disorders - Each chapter focuses on the neurologic aspects related to a specific disease presentation
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0702044334
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 629
Book Description
Systemic disease involves several parts of the body or the complete system. Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease, a two-part volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, focuses on the specific neurologic aspects of systemic disease. Part 2 includes coverage of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary, endocrinologic, and metabolic diseases, as well as nutritional, environmental, and hematologic disorders. Each chapter provides a complete introduction to the neurologic aspect and provides the best known diagnostic and treatment practices. The collection is a valuable and trusted resource for clinical neurologists, research neurologists, neuroscientists, and general medical professionals: a first stop for a focused review of the state of the art for understanding the neurologic impact of each covered disease. - A comprehensive introduction and overview of the neurologic aspects of systemic disease - Part 2 covers of gastrointestinal/hepatobiliary, endocrinologic, and metabolic diseases and nutritional, environmental, and hematologic disorders - Each chapter focuses on the neurologic aspects related to a specific disease presentation
Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease
Author: Werner Poewe
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139867628
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 475
Book Description
Movement disorders - ranging from parkinsonism to a variety of hyperkinetic disorders, such as tremors, dystonic, chorea and myoclonus - can be the presenting or a prominent clinical feature in a broad spectrum of systemic conditions such as endocrine and metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, infections, intoxications, tumors and pareneoplastic syndromes, stroke and multiple sclerosis. The resulting clinical scenarios can be confusing and difficult to interpret by internists, generalists and neurologists. Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease provides comprehensive coverage of the most common movement disorders seen in systemic and general neurologic disease, as well as differential diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms. The chapters are written by internationally recognized experts and more than 50 illustrative videos highlight the phenomenology of some of the movement disorders and provide a useful 'bed-side' diagnostic tool. This book is a valuable resource for neurologists, physiatrists, psychiatrists, internists, primary care physicians and trainees in medicine and neurology.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139867628
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 475
Book Description
Movement disorders - ranging from parkinsonism to a variety of hyperkinetic disorders, such as tremors, dystonic, chorea and myoclonus - can be the presenting or a prominent clinical feature in a broad spectrum of systemic conditions such as endocrine and metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, infections, intoxications, tumors and pareneoplastic syndromes, stroke and multiple sclerosis. The resulting clinical scenarios can be confusing and difficult to interpret by internists, generalists and neurologists. Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease provides comprehensive coverage of the most common movement disorders seen in systemic and general neurologic disease, as well as differential diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms. The chapters are written by internationally recognized experts and more than 50 illustrative videos highlight the phenomenology of some of the movement disorders and provide a useful 'bed-side' diagnostic tool. This book is a valuable resource for neurologists, physiatrists, psychiatrists, internists, primary care physicians and trainees in medicine and neurology.
Neurological Disorders due to Systemic Disease
Author: Steven L. Lewis
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9781444335576
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Edited by Steven L Lewis, MD, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA How do you identify which neurologic syndromes occur due to systemic disease? Neurological problems commonly occur in the context of underlying systemic disease, and may even be the presenting symptom of a medical condition that has not yet been diagnosed. Consequently neurologists need to be aware when a neurological presentation might indicate an underlying systemic disorder. Neurological Disorders due to Systemic Disease provides the tools you need to make these connections. The unique neurologic presentation-based approach relates to the common clinical situations you encounter, including: Headache Stroke Movement disorders Neuromuscular disorders Encephalopathies, seizures, myelopathies, neuro-ophthalmologic and neuro-otologic disorders, sleep disorders, and others Major categories of systemic illness are explored for each presentation to guide you towards a likely cause. These include: Endocrine, electrolyte, and metabolic disorders Systemic autoimmune disorders Organ dysfunction and failure, and critical medical illness Systemic cancer and paraneoplastic disorders Systemic infectious disease Complications due to drugs and alcohol Vitamin and mineral deficiencies Written by a leading cast of experts, with a practical approach including ‘things to remember’ for each presentation, Neurological Disorders due to Systemic Disease should be on every neurologist’s desk.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9781444335576
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Edited by Steven L Lewis, MD, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA How do you identify which neurologic syndromes occur due to systemic disease? Neurological problems commonly occur in the context of underlying systemic disease, and may even be the presenting symptom of a medical condition that has not yet been diagnosed. Consequently neurologists need to be aware when a neurological presentation might indicate an underlying systemic disorder. Neurological Disorders due to Systemic Disease provides the tools you need to make these connections. The unique neurologic presentation-based approach relates to the common clinical situations you encounter, including: Headache Stroke Movement disorders Neuromuscular disorders Encephalopathies, seizures, myelopathies, neuro-ophthalmologic and neuro-otologic disorders, sleep disorders, and others Major categories of systemic illness are explored for each presentation to guide you towards a likely cause. These include: Endocrine, electrolyte, and metabolic disorders Systemic autoimmune disorders Organ dysfunction and failure, and critical medical illness Systemic cancer and paraneoplastic disorders Systemic infectious disease Complications due to drugs and alcohol Vitamin and mineral deficiencies Written by a leading cast of experts, with a practical approach including ‘things to remember’ for each presentation, Neurological Disorders due to Systemic Disease should be on every neurologist’s desk.
Diseases of the Nervous System
Author: Harald Sontheimer
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128213965
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 502
Book Description
The study of the brain continues to expand at a rapid pace providing fascinating insights into the basic mechanisms underlying nervous system illnesses. New tools, ranging from genome sequencing to non-invasive imaging, and research fueled by public and private investment in biomedical research has been transformative in our understanding of nervous system diseases and has led to an explosion of published primary research articles. Diseases of the Nervous System, Second Edition, summarizes the current state of basic and clinical knowledge for the most common neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. In a systematic progression, each chapter covers either a single disease or a group of related disorders ranging from static insults to primary and secondary progressive neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental illnesses, illnesses resulting from nervous system infection and neuropsychiatric conditions. Chapters follow a common format and are stand-alone units, each covering disease history, clinical presentation, disease mechanisms and treatment protocols. Dr. Sontheimer also includes two chapters which discuss common concepts shared among the disorders and how new findings are being translated from the bench to the bedside. In a final chapter, he explains the most commonly used neuroscience jargon. The chapters address controversial issues in current day neuroscience research including translational research, drug discovery, ethical issues, and the promises of personalized medicine. This new edition features new chapters on Pain and Addiction to highlight the growing opioid crisis and the ethical issue of prescriptions drug abuse. This book provides an introduction for course adoption and an introductory tutorial for students, scholars, researchers and medical professionals interested in learning the state of the art concerning our understanding and treatment of diseases of the nervous system. Each chapter includes suggested further readings and/or journal club recommendations. - 2016 PROSE Award winner of the Best Textbook Award in Biological and Life Sciences - Provides a focused tutorial introduction to the core diseases of the nervous system - Includes comprehensive introductions to Stroke, Epilepsy, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, ALS, Head and Spinal Cord Trauma, Multiple Sclerosis, Brain Tumors, Depression, Schizophrenia and many other diseases of the nervous system - Covers more than 40 diseases from the foundational science to the best treatment protocols - Includes discussions of translational research, drug discovery, personalized medicine, ethics, and neuroscience - New Edition features two new chapters on Pain and Addiction
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128213965
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 502
Book Description
The study of the brain continues to expand at a rapid pace providing fascinating insights into the basic mechanisms underlying nervous system illnesses. New tools, ranging from genome sequencing to non-invasive imaging, and research fueled by public and private investment in biomedical research has been transformative in our understanding of nervous system diseases and has led to an explosion of published primary research articles. Diseases of the Nervous System, Second Edition, summarizes the current state of basic and clinical knowledge for the most common neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. In a systematic progression, each chapter covers either a single disease or a group of related disorders ranging from static insults to primary and secondary progressive neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental illnesses, illnesses resulting from nervous system infection and neuropsychiatric conditions. Chapters follow a common format and are stand-alone units, each covering disease history, clinical presentation, disease mechanisms and treatment protocols. Dr. Sontheimer also includes two chapters which discuss common concepts shared among the disorders and how new findings are being translated from the bench to the bedside. In a final chapter, he explains the most commonly used neuroscience jargon. The chapters address controversial issues in current day neuroscience research including translational research, drug discovery, ethical issues, and the promises of personalized medicine. This new edition features new chapters on Pain and Addiction to highlight the growing opioid crisis and the ethical issue of prescriptions drug abuse. This book provides an introduction for course adoption and an introductory tutorial for students, scholars, researchers and medical professionals interested in learning the state of the art concerning our understanding and treatment of diseases of the nervous system. Each chapter includes suggested further readings and/or journal club recommendations. - 2016 PROSE Award winner of the Best Textbook Award in Biological and Life Sciences - Provides a focused tutorial introduction to the core diseases of the nervous system - Includes comprehensive introductions to Stroke, Epilepsy, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, ALS, Head and Spinal Cord Trauma, Multiple Sclerosis, Brain Tumors, Depression, Schizophrenia and many other diseases of the nervous system - Covers more than 40 diseases from the foundational science to the best treatment protocols - Includes discussions of translational research, drug discovery, personalized medicine, ethics, and neuroscience - New Edition features two new chapters on Pain and Addiction
Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease, Part I
Author: Jose Biller
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0702044326
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 657
Book Description
Systemic disease involves several parts of the body or the complete system. Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease, a three-part volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, focuses on the specific neurologic aspects of systemic disease. Part 1 includes detailed coverage of cardiovascular disease, pulmonary diseases, renal diseases, and rheumatologic and musculoskeletal disease. Each chapter provides a complete introduction to the neurologic aspect and provides best known diagnostic and treatment practices. The collection is a valuable and trusted resource for clinical neurologists, research neurologists, neuroscientists, and general medical professionals; a first stop for a focused review of the state of the art for understanding the neurologic impact of each covered disease. - A comprehensive introduction and overview of the neurologic aspects of systemic disease - Part 1 covers cardiovascular disease, pulmonary diseases, renal diseases and rheumatologic/musculoskeletal disease - Each chapter focuses on the neurologic aspects related to a specific disease presentation
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0702044326
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 657
Book Description
Systemic disease involves several parts of the body or the complete system. Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease, a three-part volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, focuses on the specific neurologic aspects of systemic disease. Part 1 includes detailed coverage of cardiovascular disease, pulmonary diseases, renal diseases, and rheumatologic and musculoskeletal disease. Each chapter provides a complete introduction to the neurologic aspect and provides best known diagnostic and treatment practices. The collection is a valuable and trusted resource for clinical neurologists, research neurologists, neuroscientists, and general medical professionals; a first stop for a focused review of the state of the art for understanding the neurologic impact of each covered disease. - A comprehensive introduction and overview of the neurologic aspects of systemic disease - Part 1 covers cardiovascular disease, pulmonary diseases, renal diseases and rheumatologic/musculoskeletal disease - Each chapter focuses on the neurologic aspects related to a specific disease presentation
Critical Care Neurology Part II
Author:
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128035625
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 386
Book Description
Critical Care Neurology, Part II: Neurology of Critical Illness focuses on the care specialists and general neurologists that consult in the ICU and their work with patients in acute, life-threatening situations who are dealing with neurologic or neurosurgical crises emanating from either a preexisting neurologic syndrome or from a new neurologic complication appearing as a result of another medical or surgical critical illness. These two separate clinical situations form the pillars of neurocritical care, hence these practices are addressed via two separate, but closely related, HCN volumes. Chapters in both focus on pathophysiology and management, and are tailored for both general neurologists and active neurocritical specialists, with a specific focus on management over diagnostics. Part I addresses the principles of neurocritical care and the management of various neurologic diseases. Part II addresses the interplay between neurologic complications and the surgical, medical, cardiac, and trauma of critical illnesses that most typically present in the ICU. - Provides an essential neurocritical care overview for general neurologists - Presents neurocritical care specialists with an update on severe neurological illness management - Offers coverage of all the most frequent neurologic diseases requiring intensive care - Includes chapters authored by global leaders in the field, providing the broadest, most expert coverage available on the topics discussed
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128035625
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 386
Book Description
Critical Care Neurology, Part II: Neurology of Critical Illness focuses on the care specialists and general neurologists that consult in the ICU and their work with patients in acute, life-threatening situations who are dealing with neurologic or neurosurgical crises emanating from either a preexisting neurologic syndrome or from a new neurologic complication appearing as a result of another medical or surgical critical illness. These two separate clinical situations form the pillars of neurocritical care, hence these practices are addressed via two separate, but closely related, HCN volumes. Chapters in both focus on pathophysiology and management, and are tailored for both general neurologists and active neurocritical specialists, with a specific focus on management over diagnostics. Part I addresses the principles of neurocritical care and the management of various neurologic diseases. Part II addresses the interplay between neurologic complications and the surgical, medical, cardiac, and trauma of critical illnesses that most typically present in the ICU. - Provides an essential neurocritical care overview for general neurologists - Presents neurocritical care specialists with an update on severe neurological illness management - Offers coverage of all the most frequent neurologic diseases requiring intensive care - Includes chapters authored by global leaders in the field, providing the broadest, most expert coverage available on the topics discussed
Motor System Disorders, Part II
Author: David S. Younger
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323958559
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 672
Book Description
This comprehensive review of research and best practice clinical management of spinal cord, neurodegenerative, and cerebral disorders is intended for both researchers and clinicians. Encompassing hereditary and acquired disorders from disease and accident, the book explores motor control disorders associated with stroke, dementia, seizure, encephalitis, and more. Covering disorders of both children and adults, the book discusses the latest advances in treatments related to neuroplasticity, neural tissue transplantation, and immunotherapy. - Summarizes assessment, disease course, and best practice treatment - Includes hereditary disorders and disorders from disease or accident - Discusses advances in neuroplasticity, tissue transplantation, immunotherapy, and other treatments - Reviews effects of dementia, stroke, seizure, encephalitis, cancer, and more
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323958559
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 672
Book Description
This comprehensive review of research and best practice clinical management of spinal cord, neurodegenerative, and cerebral disorders is intended for both researchers and clinicians. Encompassing hereditary and acquired disorders from disease and accident, the book explores motor control disorders associated with stroke, dementia, seizure, encephalitis, and more. Covering disorders of both children and adults, the book discusses the latest advances in treatments related to neuroplasticity, neural tissue transplantation, and immunotherapy. - Summarizes assessment, disease course, and best practice treatment - Includes hereditary disorders and disorders from disease or accident - Discusses advances in neuroplasticity, tissue transplantation, immunotherapy, and other treatments - Reviews effects of dementia, stroke, seizure, encephalitis, cancer, and more
Thermoregulation Part II
Author:
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0444640754
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 452
Book Description
Thermoregulation, Part II: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, Volume 155, not only reviews how body temperature regulation changes in neurological diseases, but also how this aspect affects the course and outcomes of each disease. Other sections of the volume review three therapeutic approaches that are aimed at manipulating body temperature, including induced hypothermia, induced hyperthermia and antipyretic therapy. The book is comprised of nine sections across two volumes, five dealing with the basic aspects of body temperature regulation and four dealing with the clinical aspects. Basic sections cover the Thermoregulation system, Thermoreceptors, Thermoeffectors, Neural pathways, and Thermoregulation as a homeostatic function. In addition, the book covers the physiology and neuroanatomy of the thermoregulation system and provides descriptions of how the regulation of body temperature intervenes with other physiological functions (such as sleep, osmoregulation, and immunity), stress, exercise and aging. Basic sections serve as an introduction to the four clinical sections: Body Temperature, Clinical Significance, Abnormal Body Temperature, Thermoregulation in Neurological Disease and Therapeutic Interventions. - Presents a clear, logical pathway from the fundamental physiology of thermoregulation, through neurobiology, to clinical applications and disease - Enables researchers and clinicians to better understand the value of temperature measurement in disease and the use of temperature as a therapy - Integrates content from a broad field of research, including topics on the molecular physiology of temperature receptors, to the management of accidental hypothermia
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0444640754
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 452
Book Description
Thermoregulation, Part II: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, Volume 155, not only reviews how body temperature regulation changes in neurological diseases, but also how this aspect affects the course and outcomes of each disease. Other sections of the volume review three therapeutic approaches that are aimed at manipulating body temperature, including induced hypothermia, induced hyperthermia and antipyretic therapy. The book is comprised of nine sections across two volumes, five dealing with the basic aspects of body temperature regulation and four dealing with the clinical aspects. Basic sections cover the Thermoregulation system, Thermoreceptors, Thermoeffectors, Neural pathways, and Thermoregulation as a homeostatic function. In addition, the book covers the physiology and neuroanatomy of the thermoregulation system and provides descriptions of how the regulation of body temperature intervenes with other physiological functions (such as sleep, osmoregulation, and immunity), stress, exercise and aging. Basic sections serve as an introduction to the four clinical sections: Body Temperature, Clinical Significance, Abnormal Body Temperature, Thermoregulation in Neurological Disease and Therapeutic Interventions. - Presents a clear, logical pathway from the fundamental physiology of thermoregulation, through neurobiology, to clinical applications and disease - Enables researchers and clinicians to better understand the value of temperature measurement in disease and the use of temperature as a therapy - Integrates content from a broad field of research, including topics on the molecular physiology of temperature receptors, to the management of accidental hypothermia