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Author: Sarah A. Maxfield-Taylor Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bumblebees Languages : en Pages : 112
Book Description
Bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are important native pollinators in wild and agricultural systems, and are one of the few groups of native bees commercially bred for use in the pollination of a range of crops. In recent years, declines in bumble bees have been reported globally. One factor implicated in these declines, believed to affect bumble bee colonies in the wild and during rearing, is natural enemies. A diversity of fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and parasitoids has been reported to affect bumble bees, to varying extents, in different parts of the world. In contrast to reports of decline elsewhere, bumble bees have been thriving in Oregon on the West Coast of the U.S.A. In particular, the agriculturally rich Willamette Valley in the western part of the state appears to be fostering several species. Little is known, however, about the natural enemies of bumble bees in this region. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) identify pathogens and parasites in (a) bumble bees from the wild, and (b) bumble bees reared in captivity and (2) examine the effects of disease on bee hosts. Bumble bee queens and workers were collected from diverse locations in the Willamette Valley, in spring and summer. Bombus mixtus, Bombus nevadensis, and Bombus vosnesenskii collected from the wild were dissected and examined for pathogens and parasites, and these organisms were identified using morphological and molecular characteristics. Queens of Bombus griseocollis, Bombus nevadensis, and Bombus vosnesenskii were reared in captivity, and those that died or did not initiate nests were also examined for pathogens and parasites. In addition, the immune responses of healthy and infected bees were compared, to examine the effects of a common bumble bee gut pathogen Crithidia bombi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) on its host. This thesis reports that wild bumble bees in western Oregon are infected with the protozoa Apicystis bombi (Neogregarinida: Ophrocystidae) and Crithidia bombi, the fungus/microsporidian Nosema bombi (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), the nematode Sphaerularia bombi (Nematoda: Tylenchida), and two dipteran parasitoids, one unknown and one belonging to the family Conopidae (Diptera: Conopidae). In addition, this research presents the first ever report of infection by the larval pathogen Ascosphaera apis (Ascomycota: Ascosphaerales), in reared bumble bee adults. New host and distribution records are also presented for C. bombi, N. bombi, and S. bombi. The study found that bumble bees infected with C. bombi had lower activated levels of immune responses than healthy bees. The thesis discusses the long-term implications of study findings, and addresses the threat that bumble bee diseases pose to bee pollinators through shared environments.
Author: Sarah A. Maxfield-Taylor Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bumblebees Languages : en Pages : 112
Book Description
Bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are important native pollinators in wild and agricultural systems, and are one of the few groups of native bees commercially bred for use in the pollination of a range of crops. In recent years, declines in bumble bees have been reported globally. One factor implicated in these declines, believed to affect bumble bee colonies in the wild and during rearing, is natural enemies. A diversity of fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and parasitoids has been reported to affect bumble bees, to varying extents, in different parts of the world. In contrast to reports of decline elsewhere, bumble bees have been thriving in Oregon on the West Coast of the U.S.A. In particular, the agriculturally rich Willamette Valley in the western part of the state appears to be fostering several species. Little is known, however, about the natural enemies of bumble bees in this region. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) identify pathogens and parasites in (a) bumble bees from the wild, and (b) bumble bees reared in captivity and (2) examine the effects of disease on bee hosts. Bumble bee queens and workers were collected from diverse locations in the Willamette Valley, in spring and summer. Bombus mixtus, Bombus nevadensis, and Bombus vosnesenskii collected from the wild were dissected and examined for pathogens and parasites, and these organisms were identified using morphological and molecular characteristics. Queens of Bombus griseocollis, Bombus nevadensis, and Bombus vosnesenskii were reared in captivity, and those that died or did not initiate nests were also examined for pathogens and parasites. In addition, the immune responses of healthy and infected bees were compared, to examine the effects of a common bumble bee gut pathogen Crithidia bombi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) on its host. This thesis reports that wild bumble bees in western Oregon are infected with the protozoa Apicystis bombi (Neogregarinida: Ophrocystidae) and Crithidia bombi, the fungus/microsporidian Nosema bombi (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), the nematode Sphaerularia bombi (Nematoda: Tylenchida), and two dipteran parasitoids, one unknown and one belonging to the family Conopidae (Diptera: Conopidae). In addition, this research presents the first ever report of infection by the larval pathogen Ascosphaera apis (Ascomycota: Ascosphaerales), in reared bumble bee adults. New host and distribution records are also presented for C. bombi, N. bombi, and S. bombi. The study found that bumble bees infected with C. bombi had lower activated levels of immune responses than healthy bees. The thesis discusses the long-term implications of study findings, and addresses the threat that bumble bee diseases pose to bee pollinators through shared environments.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309102898 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 327
Book Description
Pollinators-insects, birds, bats, and other animals that carry pollen from the male to the female parts of flowers for plant reproduction-are an essential part of natural and agricultural ecosystems throughout North America. For example, most fruit, vegetable, and seed crops and some crops that provide fiber, drugs, and fuel depend on animals for pollination. This report provides evidence for the decline of some pollinator species in North America, including America's most important managed pollinator, the honey bee, as well as some butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds. For most managed and wild pollinator species, however, population trends have not been assessed because populations have not been monitored over time. In addition, for wild species with demonstrated declines, it is often difficult to determine the causes or consequences of their decline. This report outlines priorities for research and monitoring that are needed to improve information on the status of pollinators and establishes a framework for conservation and restoration of pollinator species and communities.
Author: Kimberly M. Skyrm Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bumblebees Languages : en Pages : 151
Book Description
Bumble bees provide vital pollination services in both native and agricultural landscapes. However, in recent years, bumble bee populations have experienced global population declines. The primary causes of these declines have been attributed to the environmental impacts of pathogens, pesticide use and habitat fragmentation. While research has examined the impacts of pathogens, there is limited information on the effects of pesticides and habitat fragmentation on native bumble bees. Hence, the objectives of my dissertation research were to: 1) assess the toxicological impacts of pesticides used in two important bee-pollinated crops on queens and workers; 2) determine the impacts of forage resource availability on bumble bee colonies; 3) examine pollen foraging behavior of bumble bees in a late season mass-flowering agricultural landscape; and 4) document observations on trends towards bivoltinism in three western North American bumble bees. This research was conducted in the lab using wild and lab reared colonies, and in an agricultural landscape in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon. In pesticide bioassays the impacts of residual toxicity of five classes of pesticides used in highbush blueberry and red clover cropping systems, were tested on queen and worker bumble bees, respectively. The results indicated variation in responses to the same insecticide by queens and workers, and to the same class of compounds by workers. Also, toxic effects were documented for both queens and workers to pesticides considered to be "safe" for bees. The impacts of forage resource availability were evaluated by exposing bumble bee colonies to four quantities of pollen, four quantities of nectar and three feeding frequencies of pollen. The study documented an inverse relationship between larvae and workers to resource type and availability. In addition, the type of larval mortality displayed by colonies, larval ejection or within clump mortality, was dependent on worker mortality. The individual and colony-level pollen foraging behavior of bumble bees was examined by placing colonies in red clover. Observations in the field on forager abundance, and at the colony-level on the duration and number of pollen trips and weight of stored pollen documented that red clover is an important resource for bumble bees. Pollen analysis revealed that in addition to red clover, Himalayan blackberry was also a key forage resource for bumble bees. Red clover resources at the end of the season may also benefit bumble bees by allowing for the creation of a second generation. Observations on both field and lab-reared queens document a trend towards bivoltinism in three species of western North American bumble bees. Agricultural habitats are vital for sustaining bumble bee populations. However, given the potential for pesticide impacts and temporal availability of flowering plants, these landscapes must be managed to provide maximum benefit to bumble bees. Results from this research should assist growers and researchers in developing landscape management and production practices geared toward the conservation and enhancement of native Bombus spp. populations in western Oregon.
Author: Paul Schmid-Hempel Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 9780691059242 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 436
Book Description
In addition, the author develops new insights, especially in his examination of the intricate relationships between parasites and their social hosts through the rigorous use of evolutionary and ecological concepts.".
Author: Lynn V. Dicks Publisher: Pelagic Publishing ISBN: 1907807020 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 147
Book Description
This book brings together scientific evidence and experience relevant to the practical conservation of wild bees. The authors worked with an international group of bee experts and conservationists to develop a global list of interventions that could benefit wild bees. They range from protecting natural habitat to controlling disease in commercial bumblebee colonies. For each intervention, the book summarises studies captured by the Conservation Evidence project, where that intervention has been tested and its effects on bees quantified. The result is a thorough guide to what is known, or not known, about the effectiveness of bee conservation actions throughout the world. Bee Conservation is the first in a series of synopses that will cover different species groups and habitats, gradually building into a comprehensive summary of evidence on the effects of conservation interventions for all biodiversity throughout the world. By making evidence accessible in this way, we hope to enable a change in the practice of conservation, so it can become more evidence-based. We also aim to highlight where there are gaps in knowledge. Evidence from all around the world is included. If there appears to be a bias towards evidence from northern European or North American temperate environments, this reflects a current bias in the published research that is available to us. Conservation interventions are grouped primarily according to the relevant direct threats, as defined in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)’s Unified Classification of Direct Threats.
Author: Eric Mader Publisher: ISBN: 9781933395203 Category : Bee culture Languages : en Pages : 162
Book Description
"Examines the history of the British fire service from 1800-1980, embracing certain key themes of modern British history: the impact of industrial change on urban development, the effect of disaster on political reform, the growth of the state, and the relationship between masculinity and trade unionism in creating a professional identity"--Provided by publisher.
Author: The Xerces Society Publisher: Storey Publishing, LLC ISBN: 1603427473 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 385
Book Description
With the recent decline of the European honey bee, it is more important than ever to encourage the activity of other native pollinators to keep your flowers beautiful and your grains and produce plentiful. In Attracting Native Pollinators, you’ll find ideas for building nesting structures and creating a welcoming habitat for an array of diverse pollinators that includes not only bees, but butterflies, moths, and more. Take action and protect North America’s food supply for the future, while at the same time enjoying a happily bustling landscape.
Author: Sarah A. Maxfield-Taylor
Author: Sarah A. Maxfield-Taylor
Author: National Research Council
Author: Kimberly M. Skyrm
Author: Robbin W. Thorp
Author: Paul Schmid-Hempel
Author: Lynn V. Dicks
Author: Charles Duncan Michener
Author: Eric Mader
Author: The Xerces Society
Author: