Author: Rasheda Ali
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780975747193
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 40
Book Description
Sometimes Parkinson's disease is difficult for adults to deal with, so you can imagine how much more perplexing it must be for children. In this beautiful book, adults will have an opportunity to read and discuss with children the most common symptoms of Parkinson's in a safe and creativeenvironment that utilizes words, illustrations and medical factsabout the disease.
I'll Hold Your Hand So You Won't Fall
Author: Rasheda Ali
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780975747193
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 40
Book Description
Sometimes Parkinson's disease is difficult for adults to deal with, so you can imagine how much more perplexing it must be for children. In this beautiful book, adults will have an opportunity to read and discuss with children the most common symptoms of Parkinson's in a safe and creativeenvironment that utilizes words, illustrations and medical factsabout the disease.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780975747193
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 40
Book Description
Sometimes Parkinson's disease is difficult for adults to deal with, so you can imagine how much more perplexing it must be for children. In this beautiful book, adults will have an opportunity to read and discuss with children the most common symptoms of Parkinson's in a safe and creativeenvironment that utilizes words, illustrations and medical factsabout the disease.
A Day with Parkinson's
Author: A. Hultquist
Publisher: Albert Whitman
ISBN: 9780807555811
Category : Juvenile Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Ever since Grandpa got Parkinson's, Noah has noticed he hasn't been the same. He doesn't have as much energy as he used to, and sometimes when he's excited or happy, he can't smile. Noah worries that Parkinson's is his fault, but Grandpa assures him it's not—and it won't stop him from having fun at the beach!
Publisher: Albert Whitman
ISBN: 9780807555811
Category : Juvenile Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Ever since Grandpa got Parkinson's, Noah has noticed he hasn't been the same. He doesn't have as much energy as he used to, and sometimes when he's excited or happy, he can't smile. Noah worries that Parkinson's is his fault, but Grandpa assures him it's not—and it won't stop him from having fun at the beach!
Old Age
Author: Michael Kinsley
Publisher: Crown
ISBN: 1101903775
Category : Literary Collections
Languages : en
Pages : 162
Book Description
Vanity Fair columnist Michael Kinsley escorts his fellow Boomers through the door marked "Exit." The notorious baby boomers—the largest age cohort in history—are approaching the end and starting to plan their final moves in the game of life. Now they are asking: What was that all about? Was it about acquiring things or changing the world? Was it about keeping all your marbles? Or is the only thing that counts after you’re gone the reputation you leave behind? In this series of essays, Michael Kinsley uses his own battle with Parkinson’s disease to unearth answers to questions we are all at some time forced to confront. “Sometimes,” he writes, “I feel like a scout from my generation, sent out ahead to experience in my fifties what even the healthiest Boomers are going to experience in their sixties, seventies, or eighties.” This surprisingly cheerful book is at once a fresh assessment of a generation and a frequently funny account of one man’s journey toward the finish line. “The least misfortune can do to make up for itself is to be interesting,” he writes. “Parkinson’s disease has fulfilled that obligation.”
Publisher: Crown
ISBN: 1101903775
Category : Literary Collections
Languages : en
Pages : 162
Book Description
Vanity Fair columnist Michael Kinsley escorts his fellow Boomers through the door marked "Exit." The notorious baby boomers—the largest age cohort in history—are approaching the end and starting to plan their final moves in the game of life. Now they are asking: What was that all about? Was it about acquiring things or changing the world? Was it about keeping all your marbles? Or is the only thing that counts after you’re gone the reputation you leave behind? In this series of essays, Michael Kinsley uses his own battle with Parkinson’s disease to unearth answers to questions we are all at some time forced to confront. “Sometimes,” he writes, “I feel like a scout from my generation, sent out ahead to experience in my fifties what even the healthiest Boomers are going to experience in their sixties, seventies, or eighties.” This surprisingly cheerful book is at once a fresh assessment of a generation and a frequently funny account of one man’s journey toward the finish line. “The least misfortune can do to make up for itself is to be interesting,” he writes. “Parkinson’s disease has fulfilled that obligation.”
Mistbound
Author: Daryl Kho
Publisher: Penguin Books
ISBN: 9789814914963
Category : Young Adult Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Meet Alexis. Her Grandpa's memories have been shattered. The only cure? Memory Glue. To brew it, she'll just need a few ingredients: Like, nose hair from a baku (dream-eater), sweat from a duyung (sea siren) and...OK. Maybe some of the stuff can be tricky to find in local supermarkets. To obtain them Alexis must journey to an enchanted land called Mist, where the fabled creatures from Grandpa's folktales are alive in the flesh. Many of whom aren't strict vegetarians. Oh, and there's a deadline. The items must be gathered by Spring, else Grandpa's memories will be gone for good. At least she'll have company: the nasty kenit (forest imp) who'd cast the horrible spell on Grandpa, and her stern Grandma, who harbours a secret that will change Alexis' life forever... Piece of cake, right?
Publisher: Penguin Books
ISBN: 9789814914963
Category : Young Adult Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Meet Alexis. Her Grandpa's memories have been shattered. The only cure? Memory Glue. To brew it, she'll just need a few ingredients: Like, nose hair from a baku (dream-eater), sweat from a duyung (sea siren) and...OK. Maybe some of the stuff can be tricky to find in local supermarkets. To obtain them Alexis must journey to an enchanted land called Mist, where the fabled creatures from Grandpa's folktales are alive in the flesh. Many of whom aren't strict vegetarians. Oh, and there's a deadline. The items must be gathered by Spring, else Grandpa's memories will be gone for good. At least she'll have company: the nasty kenit (forest imp) who'd cast the horrible spell on Grandpa, and her stern Grandma, who harbours a secret that will change Alexis' life forever... Piece of cake, right?
Spit On A Canvas
Author: Norman Greenstein
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 142
Book Description
Norman Greenstein, also known to friends, family, and fans as, 'The Parkinson's Painter', is an American artist, writer, and public speaker who has led a life of service, experience and inspiration on his way to fulfilling his lifelong dream of becoming an artist. Throughout Norman's career as veteran of the USAF, a social worker, and as a fundraiser to help Jewish communities in need, Norman always looked to benefit society and family above himself. Having been told that he would never make it as an artist throughout his whole life, and having dedicated his life to supporting his family, Norman flirted with his passion for art over the years, only to have reality and responsibilities come crashing down over and over again on his hopes of following a path of creativity and expression. When Norman was diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease in 2008, and then forced into early retirement in 2012 at the age of 69, he managed to find the positive side of his affliction and turned his tragedy into the opportunity to finally live out his life's ambition and embark on his second career as a painter.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 142
Book Description
Norman Greenstein, also known to friends, family, and fans as, 'The Parkinson's Painter', is an American artist, writer, and public speaker who has led a life of service, experience and inspiration on his way to fulfilling his lifelong dream of becoming an artist. Throughout Norman's career as veteran of the USAF, a social worker, and as a fundraiser to help Jewish communities in need, Norman always looked to benefit society and family above himself. Having been told that he would never make it as an artist throughout his whole life, and having dedicated his life to supporting his family, Norman flirted with his passion for art over the years, only to have reality and responsibilities come crashing down over and over again on his hopes of following a path of creativity and expression. When Norman was diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease in 2008, and then forced into early retirement in 2012 at the age of 69, he managed to find the positive side of his affliction and turned his tragedy into the opportunity to finally live out his life's ambition and embark on his second career as a painter.
Lake of the Ozarks
Author: Bill Geist
Publisher: Grand Central Publishing
ISBN: 1538729814
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 164
Book Description
Beloved TV host Bill Geist pens a reflective memoir of his incredible summers spent in the heart of America in this New York Times bestseller. Before there was "tourism" and souvenir ashtrays became "kitsch," the Lake of the Ozarks was a Shangri-La for middle-class Midwestern families on vacation, complete with man-made beaches, Hillbilly Mini Golf, and feathered rubber tomahawks. It was there that author Bill Geist spent summers in the Sixties during his school and college years working at Arrowhead Lodge -- a small resort owned by his bombastic uncle -- in all areas of the operation, from cesspool attendant to bellhop. What may have seemed just a summer job became, upon reflection, a transformative era where a cast of eccentric, small-town characters and experiences shaped (some might suggest "slightly twisted") Bill into the man he is today. He realized it was this time in his life that had a direct influence on his sensibilities, his humor, his writing, and ultimately a career searching the world for other such untamed creatures for the Chicago Tribune, the New York Times, and CBS News. In Lake of the Ozarks, Emmy Award-winning CBS Sunday Morning correspondent Bill Geist reflects on his coming of age in the American Heartland and traces his evolution as a man and a writer. He shares laugh-out-loud anecdotes and tongue-in-cheek observations guaranteed to evoke a strong sense of nostalgia for "the good ol' days." Written with Geistian wit and warmth, Lake of the Ozarks takes readers back to a bygone era, and demonstrates how you can find inspiration in the most unexpected places.
Publisher: Grand Central Publishing
ISBN: 1538729814
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 164
Book Description
Beloved TV host Bill Geist pens a reflective memoir of his incredible summers spent in the heart of America in this New York Times bestseller. Before there was "tourism" and souvenir ashtrays became "kitsch," the Lake of the Ozarks was a Shangri-La for middle-class Midwestern families on vacation, complete with man-made beaches, Hillbilly Mini Golf, and feathered rubber tomahawks. It was there that author Bill Geist spent summers in the Sixties during his school and college years working at Arrowhead Lodge -- a small resort owned by his bombastic uncle -- in all areas of the operation, from cesspool attendant to bellhop. What may have seemed just a summer job became, upon reflection, a transformative era where a cast of eccentric, small-town characters and experiences shaped (some might suggest "slightly twisted") Bill into the man he is today. He realized it was this time in his life that had a direct influence on his sensibilities, his humor, his writing, and ultimately a career searching the world for other such untamed creatures for the Chicago Tribune, the New York Times, and CBS News. In Lake of the Ozarks, Emmy Award-winning CBS Sunday Morning correspondent Bill Geist reflects on his coming of age in the American Heartland and traces his evolution as a man and a writer. He shares laugh-out-loud anecdotes and tongue-in-cheek observations guaranteed to evoke a strong sense of nostalgia for "the good ol' days." Written with Geistian wit and warmth, Lake of the Ozarks takes readers back to a bygone era, and demonstrates how you can find inspiration in the most unexpected places.
Becoming Grandma
Author: Lesley Stahl
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0698148347
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 289
Book Description
The New York Times Bestseller From one of the country’s most recognizable journalists: How becoming a grandmother transforms a woman’s life. After four decades as a reporter, Lesley Stahl’s most vivid and transformative experience of her life was not covering the White House, interviewing heads of state, or researching stories at 60 Minutes. It was becoming a grandmother. She was hit with a jolt of joy so intense and unexpected, she wanted to “investigate” it—as though it were a news flash. And so, using her 60 Minutes skills, she explored how grandmothering changes a woman’s life, interviewing friends like Whoopi Goldberg, colleagues like Diane Sawyer (and grandfathers, including Tom Brokaw), as well as the proverbial woman next door. Along with these personal accounts, Stahl speaks with scientists and doctors about physiological changes that occur in women when they have grandchildren; anthropologists about why there are grandmothers, in evolutionary terms; and psychiatrists about the therapeutic effects of grandchildren on both grandmothers and grandfathers. Throughout Becoming Grandma, Stahl shares stories about her own life with granddaughters Jordan and Chloe, about how her relationship with her daughter, Taylor, has changed, and about how being a grandfather has affected her husband, Aaron. In an era when baby boomers are becoming grandparents in droves and when young parents need all the help they can get raising their children, Stahl’s book is a timely and affecting read that redefines a cherished relationship.
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0698148347
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 289
Book Description
The New York Times Bestseller From one of the country’s most recognizable journalists: How becoming a grandmother transforms a woman’s life. After four decades as a reporter, Lesley Stahl’s most vivid and transformative experience of her life was not covering the White House, interviewing heads of state, or researching stories at 60 Minutes. It was becoming a grandmother. She was hit with a jolt of joy so intense and unexpected, she wanted to “investigate” it—as though it were a news flash. And so, using her 60 Minutes skills, she explored how grandmothering changes a woman’s life, interviewing friends like Whoopi Goldberg, colleagues like Diane Sawyer (and grandfathers, including Tom Brokaw), as well as the proverbial woman next door. Along with these personal accounts, Stahl speaks with scientists and doctors about physiological changes that occur in women when they have grandchildren; anthropologists about why there are grandmothers, in evolutionary terms; and psychiatrists about the therapeutic effects of grandchildren on both grandmothers and grandfathers. Throughout Becoming Grandma, Stahl shares stories about her own life with granddaughters Jordan and Chloe, about how her relationship with her daughter, Taylor, has changed, and about how being a grandfather has affected her husband, Aaron. In an era when baby boomers are becoming grandparents in droves and when young parents need all the help they can get raising their children, Stahl’s book is a timely and affecting read that redefines a cherished relationship.
Ticked
Author: James A. Fussell
Publisher:
ISBN: 1613743807
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 276
Book Description
"An inspirational tale of personal struggle with and triumph over Tourette syndrome, this is the story of Jeff Matovic and the radical treatment he sought to cure himself. After suffering from Tourette's for years--with his tics and outbursts getting progressively worse and with no results coming from drugs or physical or spiritual therapy--Jeff was able to convince his doctors and his insurance company to try a risky deep brain stimulation treatment, a surgery that involves the implantation of a pacemaker for the brain into his skull. Penned by a journalist who is also afflicted with Tourette's, this is the incredible story of a friendship that blossomed under their common experiences with this bizarre brain disorder. A complete discussion of the latest medical research of and treatments for Tourette's, written in accessible and easy-to-understand terminology, is also included"--
Publisher:
ISBN: 1613743807
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 276
Book Description
"An inspirational tale of personal struggle with and triumph over Tourette syndrome, this is the story of Jeff Matovic and the radical treatment he sought to cure himself. After suffering from Tourette's for years--with his tics and outbursts getting progressively worse and with no results coming from drugs or physical or spiritual therapy--Jeff was able to convince his doctors and his insurance company to try a risky deep brain stimulation treatment, a surgery that involves the implantation of a pacemaker for the brain into his skull. Penned by a journalist who is also afflicted with Tourette's, this is the incredible story of a friendship that blossomed under their common experiences with this bizarre brain disorder. A complete discussion of the latest medical research of and treatments for Tourette's, written in accessible and easy-to-understand terminology, is also included"--
Brain Storms
Author: Jon Palfreman
Publisher: Macmillan + ORM
ISBN: 0374711852
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 302
Book Description
“The best and clearest book I’ve encountered on the current state of knowledge about Parkinson’s Disease . . . a master storyteller.” —The Tampa Tribune Seven million people worldwide suffer from Parkinson’s, and doctors, researchers, and patients continue to hunt for a cure. In Brain Storms, Peabody Award–winning journalist Jon Palfreman tells their story—a story that became his own when he was diagnosed with the debilitating illness. Palfreman chronicles how scientists have worked to crack the mystery of what was once called the shaking palsy, from the earliest clinical descriptions of tremors, gait freezing, and micrographia to the cutting edge of neuroscience, and charts the victories and setbacks of a massive international effort to best the disease. He takes us back to the 1950s and the discovery of L-dopa. He delves into other therapeutic approaches to this perplexing condition, from partial lobotomies and deep brain stimulation to neural grafting. And he shares inspiring stories of brave individuals living with Parkinson’s, from a former professional ballet dancer who tricks her body to move freely again to a patient who cannot walk but astounds doctors when he rides a bicycle with no trouble at all. The race is on to stop or reverse neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Brain Storms is the long-overdue, riveting, and deeply personal story of that race, and a passionate, insightful look into the lives of those affected. “Well written and poignant.” —The Wall Street Journal “[Palfreman] has an excellent grasp on the science behind the disease . . . but it is as a human story that the book is most compelling.” —The Times Literary Supplement “Clean prose, clear thought and fascinating stories.” —The Miami Herald “Extraordinary case studies abound.” —Nature “Fast-paced, captivating . . . part scientific investigation, part medical detective story, and part memoir . . . it opens wide a window into the world of Parkinson’s.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review)
Publisher: Macmillan + ORM
ISBN: 0374711852
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 302
Book Description
“The best and clearest book I’ve encountered on the current state of knowledge about Parkinson’s Disease . . . a master storyteller.” —The Tampa Tribune Seven million people worldwide suffer from Parkinson’s, and doctors, researchers, and patients continue to hunt for a cure. In Brain Storms, Peabody Award–winning journalist Jon Palfreman tells their story—a story that became his own when he was diagnosed with the debilitating illness. Palfreman chronicles how scientists have worked to crack the mystery of what was once called the shaking palsy, from the earliest clinical descriptions of tremors, gait freezing, and micrographia to the cutting edge of neuroscience, and charts the victories and setbacks of a massive international effort to best the disease. He takes us back to the 1950s and the discovery of L-dopa. He delves into other therapeutic approaches to this perplexing condition, from partial lobotomies and deep brain stimulation to neural grafting. And he shares inspiring stories of brave individuals living with Parkinson’s, from a former professional ballet dancer who tricks her body to move freely again to a patient who cannot walk but astounds doctors when he rides a bicycle with no trouble at all. The race is on to stop or reverse neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Brain Storms is the long-overdue, riveting, and deeply personal story of that race, and a passionate, insightful look into the lives of those affected. “Well written and poignant.” —The Wall Street Journal “[Palfreman] has an excellent grasp on the science behind the disease . . . but it is as a human story that the book is most compelling.” —The Times Literary Supplement “Clean prose, clear thought and fascinating stories.” —The Miami Herald “Extraordinary case studies abound.” —Nature “Fast-paced, captivating . . . part scientific investigation, part medical detective story, and part memoir . . . it opens wide a window into the world of Parkinson’s.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review)
Levodopa pharmacokinetics -from stomach to brain
Author: Maria Nord
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9176855570
Category :
Languages : sv
Pages : 81
Book Description
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and it is caused by a loss of dopamine (DA) producing neurons in the basal ganglia in the brain. The PD patient suffers from motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity and treatment with levodopa (LD), the precursor of DA, has positive effects on these symptoms. Several factors affect the availability of orally given LD. Gastric emptying (GE) is one factor and it has been shown to be delayed in PD patients resulting in impaired levodopa uptake. Different enzymes metabolize LD on its way from the gut to the brain resulting in less LD available in the brain and more side effects from the metabolites. By adding dopa decarboxylase inhibitors (carbidopa or benserazide) or COMT-inhibitors (e.g. entacapone) the bioavailability of LD increases significantly and more LD can pass the blood-brain-barrier and be converted to DA in the brain. It has been considered of importance to avoid high levodopa peaks in the brain because this seems to induce changes in postsynaptic dopaminergic neurons causing disabling motor complications in PD patients. More continuously given LD, e.g. duodenal or intravenous (IV) infusions, has been shown to improve these motor complications. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) has also been proven to improve motor complications and to make it possible to reduce the LD dosage in PD patients. In this doctoral thesis the main purpose is to study the pharmacokinetics of LD in patients with PD and motor complications; in blood and subcutaneous tissue and study the effect of GE and PD stage on LD uptake and the effect of continuously given LD (CDS) on LD uptake and GE; in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) when adding the peripheral enzyme inhibitors entacapone and carbidopa to LD infusion IV; in brain during STN DBSand during oral or IV LD treatment. To conclude, LD uptake is more favorable in PD patients with less severe disease and GE is delayed in PD patients. No obvious relation between LD uptake and GE or between GE and PD stage is seen and CDS decreases the LD levels. Entacapone increases the maximal concentration of LD in blood and CSF. This is more evident with additional carbidopa and important to consider in avoiding high LD peaks in brain during PD treatment. LD in brain increases during both oral and IV LD treatment and the DA levels follows LD well indicating that PD patients still have capacity to metabolize LD to DA despite probable pronounced nigral degeneration. STN DBS seems to increase putaminal DA levels and together with IV LD treatment also increases LD in brain possibly explaining why it is possible to decrease LD medication after STN DBS surgery. Parkinsons sjukdom (PS) är en av de vanligaste s.k. neurodegenerativasjukdomarna och orsakas av förlust av dopamin(DA)producerande nervceller i hjärnan. Detta orsakar motoriska symptom såsom skakningar, stelhet och förlångsammade rörelser. Levodopa (LD) är ett ämne, som kan omvandlas till DA i hjärnan och ge symptomlindring och det är oftast förstahandsval vid behandling av patienter med PS. Flera faktorer påverkar tillgängligheten av LD, bl.a. den hastighet som magsäcken tömmer sig med och denna verkar förlångsammad hos personer med PS vilket ger sämre tillgänglighet av LD i blodet och därmed i hjärnan. LD bryts även ner i hög grad av olika enzym ute i kroppen vilket leder till mindre mängd LD som hamnar i hjärnan och till fler nedbrytningsprodukter som orsakar biverkningar. Tillägg av enzymhämmare leder till ökad mängd LD som kan nå hjärnan och omvandlas till DA. Det anses viktigt att undvika höga toppar av LD i hjärnan då dessa verkar bidra till utvecklandet av besvärliga motoriska komplikationer hos patienter med PS. Om LD ges mer kontinuerligt, exempelvis som en kontinuerlig infusion in i tarmen eller i blodet, så minskar dessa motoriska komplikationer. Inopererande av stimulatorer i vissa delar av hjärnan (DBS) har också visat sig minska dessa motoriska komplikationer och även resultera i att man kan minska LD-dosen. Huvudsyftet med den här avhandlingen är att studera LD hos patienter med PS; i blod och fettvävnad då LD ges i tablettform och se om det finns något samband med LD-upptag och hastigheten på magsäckstömningen (MT) och om kontinuerligt given LD påverkar LD-upptaget eller MT; i blod och i ryggmärgsvätska då enzymhämmarna entakapon och karbidopa tillsätts LD; i hjärna vid behandling med DBS och då LD ges både som tablett och som infusion i blodet. Sammanfattningsvis kan vi se att LD-upptaget är mer gynnsamt hos patienter med PS i tidigare skede av sjukdomens komplikationsfas. MT är förlångsammad hos patienter med PS och det är inget tydligt samband mellan LD-upptag och MT eller mellan MT och sjukdomsgrad. Kontinuerligt given LD minskar LDnivåerna. Enzymhämmaren entakapon ökar den maximala koncentrationen av LD i blod och ryggmärgsvätska och effekten är mer tydlig vid tillägg av karbidopa vilket är viktigt att ta i beaktande vid behandling av PS för att undvika höga toppar av LD i hjärnan. LD ökar i hjärnan då man behandlar med LD i tablettform och som infusion i blodet och DA-nivåerna i hjärnan följer LD väl vilket visar på att patienter med PS fortfarande kan omvandla LD till DA trots trolig uttalad brist av de DA-producerande nervcellerna i hjärnan. DBS verkar öka DA i vissa områden i hjärnan och tillsammans med LD-infusion i blodet verkar det även öka LD i hjärnan och det kan förklara varför man kan sänka LDdosen efter DBS-operation.
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9176855570
Category :
Languages : sv
Pages : 81
Book Description
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and it is caused by a loss of dopamine (DA) producing neurons in the basal ganglia in the brain. The PD patient suffers from motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity and treatment with levodopa (LD), the precursor of DA, has positive effects on these symptoms. Several factors affect the availability of orally given LD. Gastric emptying (GE) is one factor and it has been shown to be delayed in PD patients resulting in impaired levodopa uptake. Different enzymes metabolize LD on its way from the gut to the brain resulting in less LD available in the brain and more side effects from the metabolites. By adding dopa decarboxylase inhibitors (carbidopa or benserazide) or COMT-inhibitors (e.g. entacapone) the bioavailability of LD increases significantly and more LD can pass the blood-brain-barrier and be converted to DA in the brain. It has been considered of importance to avoid high levodopa peaks in the brain because this seems to induce changes in postsynaptic dopaminergic neurons causing disabling motor complications in PD patients. More continuously given LD, e.g. duodenal or intravenous (IV) infusions, has been shown to improve these motor complications. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) has also been proven to improve motor complications and to make it possible to reduce the LD dosage in PD patients. In this doctoral thesis the main purpose is to study the pharmacokinetics of LD in patients with PD and motor complications; in blood and subcutaneous tissue and study the effect of GE and PD stage on LD uptake and the effect of continuously given LD (CDS) on LD uptake and GE; in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) when adding the peripheral enzyme inhibitors entacapone and carbidopa to LD infusion IV; in brain during STN DBSand during oral or IV LD treatment. To conclude, LD uptake is more favorable in PD patients with less severe disease and GE is delayed in PD patients. No obvious relation between LD uptake and GE or between GE and PD stage is seen and CDS decreases the LD levels. Entacapone increases the maximal concentration of LD in blood and CSF. This is more evident with additional carbidopa and important to consider in avoiding high LD peaks in brain during PD treatment. LD in brain increases during both oral and IV LD treatment and the DA levels follows LD well indicating that PD patients still have capacity to metabolize LD to DA despite probable pronounced nigral degeneration. STN DBS seems to increase putaminal DA levels and together with IV LD treatment also increases LD in brain possibly explaining why it is possible to decrease LD medication after STN DBS surgery. Parkinsons sjukdom (PS) är en av de vanligaste s.k. neurodegenerativasjukdomarna och orsakas av förlust av dopamin(DA)producerande nervceller i hjärnan. Detta orsakar motoriska symptom såsom skakningar, stelhet och förlångsammade rörelser. Levodopa (LD) är ett ämne, som kan omvandlas till DA i hjärnan och ge symptomlindring och det är oftast förstahandsval vid behandling av patienter med PS. Flera faktorer påverkar tillgängligheten av LD, bl.a. den hastighet som magsäcken tömmer sig med och denna verkar förlångsammad hos personer med PS vilket ger sämre tillgänglighet av LD i blodet och därmed i hjärnan. LD bryts även ner i hög grad av olika enzym ute i kroppen vilket leder till mindre mängd LD som hamnar i hjärnan och till fler nedbrytningsprodukter som orsakar biverkningar. Tillägg av enzymhämmare leder till ökad mängd LD som kan nå hjärnan och omvandlas till DA. Det anses viktigt att undvika höga toppar av LD i hjärnan då dessa verkar bidra till utvecklandet av besvärliga motoriska komplikationer hos patienter med PS. Om LD ges mer kontinuerligt, exempelvis som en kontinuerlig infusion in i tarmen eller i blodet, så minskar dessa motoriska komplikationer. Inopererande av stimulatorer i vissa delar av hjärnan (DBS) har också visat sig minska dessa motoriska komplikationer och även resultera i att man kan minska LD-dosen. Huvudsyftet med den här avhandlingen är att studera LD hos patienter med PS; i blod och fettvävnad då LD ges i tablettform och se om det finns något samband med LD-upptag och hastigheten på magsäckstömningen (MT) och om kontinuerligt given LD påverkar LD-upptaget eller MT; i blod och i ryggmärgsvätska då enzymhämmarna entakapon och karbidopa tillsätts LD; i hjärna vid behandling med DBS och då LD ges både som tablett och som infusion i blodet. Sammanfattningsvis kan vi se att LD-upptaget är mer gynnsamt hos patienter med PS i tidigare skede av sjukdomens komplikationsfas. MT är förlångsammad hos patienter med PS och det är inget tydligt samband mellan LD-upptag och MT eller mellan MT och sjukdomsgrad. Kontinuerligt given LD minskar LDnivåerna. Enzymhämmaren entakapon ökar den maximala koncentrationen av LD i blod och ryggmärgsvätska och effekten är mer tydlig vid tillägg av karbidopa vilket är viktigt att ta i beaktande vid behandling av PS för att undvika höga toppar av LD i hjärnan. LD ökar i hjärnan då man behandlar med LD i tablettform och som infusion i blodet och DA-nivåerna i hjärnan följer LD väl vilket visar på att patienter med PS fortfarande kan omvandla LD till DA trots trolig uttalad brist av de DA-producerande nervcellerna i hjärnan. DBS verkar öka DA i vissa områden i hjärnan och tillsammans med LD-infusion i blodet verkar det även öka LD i hjärnan och det kan förklara varför man kan sänka LDdosen efter DBS-operation.