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Author: Charlotte A. James Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 122
Book Description
Tuberculosis (TB) is of high global health importance and disproportionately affects individuals in resource-limited settings. A major challenge to reducing the global burden of this disease is the lack of effective vaccines and diagnostics. At present, the intricacies of the immune response to this disease are not understood well enough to rationally develop efficacious vaccines. Peptide-specific T cells have been implicated as a critical component of the immune response to TB. However, there are few studies that investigate the role of T cells that recognize non-peptide antigens in the immune response to TB. T cells can recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1 molecules, but how these antigens are recognized and the impact that antigen recognition has on lipid-specific T cell activation and functional differentiation is not understood. Here, we elucidate the molecular and cellular factors that affect lipid antigen recognition by human T cells, and what impact these factors have on T cell activation and function. This work focused on a family of mycobacterial lipids, diacylated sulfoglycolipids (Ac2SGL), which are only expressed by virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. The first aim of this work utilized synthetic Ac2SGL analogs, a panel of T cell clones, and antigen presenting cells that express mutated CD1 molecules to probe the specificity with which these antigens are recognized by T cells to inform which molecular moieties are essential for Ac2SGL recognition by T cells. The second aim investigated the impact of T cell receptor co-receptors on antigen recognition at the cellular level, as this influences the magnitude of activation and functional differentiation of T cells. We found that co-receptors augmented T cell affinity for Ac2SGL and these molecules impact T cell function in vitro and ex vivo. Together, our data support an emerging model that related but chemically distinct antigens and T cell subpopulations should be studied independently to fully understand the T cell response to mycobacterial lipid antigens. As Ac2SGL holds promise as a target for novel vaccination and diagnostic strategies for TB, these studies will inform the development of tools to address these two major needs.
Author: Charlotte A. James Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 122
Book Description
Tuberculosis (TB) is of high global health importance and disproportionately affects individuals in resource-limited settings. A major challenge to reducing the global burden of this disease is the lack of effective vaccines and diagnostics. At present, the intricacies of the immune response to this disease are not understood well enough to rationally develop efficacious vaccines. Peptide-specific T cells have been implicated as a critical component of the immune response to TB. However, there are few studies that investigate the role of T cells that recognize non-peptide antigens in the immune response to TB. T cells can recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1 molecules, but how these antigens are recognized and the impact that antigen recognition has on lipid-specific T cell activation and functional differentiation is not understood. Here, we elucidate the molecular and cellular factors that affect lipid antigen recognition by human T cells, and what impact these factors have on T cell activation and function. This work focused on a family of mycobacterial lipids, diacylated sulfoglycolipids (Ac2SGL), which are only expressed by virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. The first aim of this work utilized synthetic Ac2SGL analogs, a panel of T cell clones, and antigen presenting cells that express mutated CD1 molecules to probe the specificity with which these antigens are recognized by T cells to inform which molecular moieties are essential for Ac2SGL recognition by T cells. The second aim investigated the impact of T cell receptor co-receptors on antigen recognition at the cellular level, as this influences the magnitude of activation and functional differentiation of T cells. We found that co-receptors augmented T cell affinity for Ac2SGL and these molecules impact T cell function in vitro and ex vivo. Together, our data support an emerging model that related but chemically distinct antigens and T cell subpopulations should be studied independently to fully understand the T cell response to mycobacterial lipid antigens. As Ac2SGL holds promise as a target for novel vaccination and diagnostic strategies for TB, these studies will inform the development of tools to address these two major needs.
Author: Mamadou Daffé Publisher: ISBN: 9781555814687 Category : Bacterial cell walls Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Explains the unique characteristics that cause this large group of bacteria responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy to function differently; serves as a valuable reference for those working in the areas of biochemistry, genetics, genomics, and immunology.
Author: Kenneth Murphy Publisher: Garland Science ISBN: 9780815344575 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.
Author: Pere-Joan Cardona Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 953307938X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 566
Book Description
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a disease that is transmitted through aerosol. This is the reason why it is estimated that a third of humankind is already infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vast majority of the infected do not know about their status. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a silent pathogen, causing no symptomatology at all during the infection. In addition, infected people cannot cause further infections. Unfortunately, an estimated 10 per cent of the infected population has the probability to develop the disease, making it very difficult to eradicate. Once in this stage, the bacilli can be transmitted to other persons and the development of clinical symptoms is very progressive. Therefore the diagnosis, especially the discrimination between infection and disease, is a real challenge. In this book, we present the experience of worldwide specialists on the diagnosis, along with its lights and shadows.
Author: Ajit Varki Publisher: CSHL Press ISBN: 9780879696818 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 694
Book Description
Sugar chains (glycans) are often attached to proteins and lipids and have multiple roles in the organization and function of all organisms. "Essentials of Glycobiology" describes their biogenesis and function and offers a useful gateway to the understanding of glycans.
Author: Elisabetta Padovan Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 288919907X Category : Immunologic diseases. Allergy Languages : en Pages : 145
Book Description
Long-lasting T cell immunity is delivered by an array of individual T lymphocytes expressing clonally distributed and highly specific antigen receptors recognizing an almost infinite number of antigens that might enter in contact with the host. Following antigen-specific priming in lymphnodes, naïve CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes proliferate generating clones of effector cells that migrate to peripheral tissues and deliver unique antigen-specific effector functions. Moreover, a proportion of these effector lymphocytes survive as memory T cells that can be rapidly mobilized upon new exposure to the same antigen, even years after their primary induction. Innate immune cells play crucial roles in the induction and maintenance of this efficient protection system. Following the seminal discovery of Steinman and Cohen in 1974 describing a rare cell type capable of initiating antigen-specific responses in lymphnodes, Dendritic Cells (DC) have taken up the stage for several decades as professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APC). Although DC possess all attributes to prime naïve T lymphocytes, other immune cell subsets become crucial accessory cells during secondary and even primary activation. For instance, Monocytes (Mo) are rapidly recruited to inflammatory sites and have recently been recognized as capable of shaping T cell immunity, either directly through Ag presentation, or indirectly through the secretion of soluble factors. In addition, upon sensing of T cell-derived cytokines, Mo differentiate into functionally different APC types that further impact on the quality and persistence of memory T cell responses in peripheral tissues. Other innate immune cells, including Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells, Granulocytes and iNKT lymphocytes, are known to modulate T cell activation by interacting with and modifying the function of professional APC. Notably, innate immune cell determinants also account for the tissue-specific regulation of T cell immunity. Hence, the newly discovered family of Innate Lymphoid Cells, has been recognized to shape CD4+ T cell responses at mucosal surfaces. Although the actions of innate immune cells fulfills the need of initiating and maintaining protective T cell responses, the excessive presence or activity of individual determinants may be detrimental to the host, because it could promote tissue destruction as in autoimmunity and allergy, or conversely, prevent the induction of immune responses against malignant tissues, and even modulate the response to therapeutic agents. Thus, understanding how defined innate immune cell subsets control T cell immunity is of fundamental relevance to understand human health, and of practical relevance for preventing and curing human diseases. In this research topic, we intend to provide an excellent platform for the collection of manuscripts addressing in depth how diverse innate immune cell subsets impact on T cell responses through molecularly defined pathways and evaluating the rational translation of basic research into clinical applications.
Author: Charlotte A. James
Author: Charlotte A. James
Author: 
Author: Mamadou Daffé
Author: Kenneth Murphy
Author: Steven A. Frank
Author: Pere-Joan Cardona
Author: 
Author: Ajit Varki
Author: Elisabetta Padovan
Author: Sudhir Gupta