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Author: E.F. Wood Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400921551 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 302
Book Description
It is well known that the interactions between land surfaces and the atmosphere, and the resulting exchanges in water and energy have a tremendous affect on climate. The inadequate representation of land-atmosphere interactions is a major weakness in current climate models, and is providing the motivation for the HAPEX and ISLSCP experiments as well as the proposed Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) and the Earth Observing System (EOS) mission. The inadequate representation reflects the recognition that the well-known phys ical relationships, which are well described at small scales, result in different relationships when represented at the scales used in climate models. Understanding this transition in the mathematical relationships with increased space-time scales appears to be very difficult, and has led to different approaches; at one extreme, the famous "bucket" model where the land-surface is a simple one layer storage without vegetation; the other extreme may be Seller's Simple Biosphere Model (Sib) where one big leaf covers the climate model grid. Given the heterogeneous nature of landforms, soils and vegetation within a climate model grid, the development of new land surface parameterizations, and their verification through large scale experiments is perceived to be a challenging area of research for the hydrology and meteorology communities. This book evolved from a workshop held at Princeton University to explore the status of land surface parameterizations within climate models, and how observa tional data can be used to assess these parameterizations and improve models.
Author: E.F. Wood Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400921551 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 302
Book Description
It is well known that the interactions between land surfaces and the atmosphere, and the resulting exchanges in water and energy have a tremendous affect on climate. The inadequate representation of land-atmosphere interactions is a major weakness in current climate models, and is providing the motivation for the HAPEX and ISLSCP experiments as well as the proposed Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) and the Earth Observing System (EOS) mission. The inadequate representation reflects the recognition that the well-known phys ical relationships, which are well described at small scales, result in different relationships when represented at the scales used in climate models. Understanding this transition in the mathematical relationships with increased space-time scales appears to be very difficult, and has led to different approaches; at one extreme, the famous "bucket" model where the land-surface is a simple one layer storage without vegetation; the other extreme may be Seller's Simple Biosphere Model (Sib) where one big leaf covers the climate model grid. Given the heterogeneous nature of landforms, soils and vegetation within a climate model grid, the development of new land surface parameterizations, and their verification through large scale experiments is perceived to be a challenging area of research for the hydrology and meteorology communities. This book evolved from a workshop held at Princeton University to explore the status of land surface parameterizations within climate models, and how observa tional data can be used to assess these parameterizations and improve models.
Author: Ram Babu Singh Publisher: ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 320
Book Description
This text aims to promote a better understanding of land use and land-cover change in the assessment and management of global environmental resources, and to develop a comparative framework for assessing these changes.
Author: Kendal McGuffie Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 111868785X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 302
Book Description
As a consequence of recent increased awareness of the social and political dimensions of climate, many non-specialists discover a need for information about the variety of available climate models. A Climate Modelling Primer, Third Edition explains the basis and mechanisms of all types of current physically-based climate models. A thoroughly revised and updated edition, this book assists the reader in understanding the complexities and applicabilities of today’s wide range of climate models. Topics covered include the latest techniques for modelling the coupled biosphere-ocean-atmosphere system, information on current practical aspects of climate modelling and ways to evaluate and exploit the results, discussion of Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs), and interactive exercises based on Energy Balance Model (EBM) and the Daisyworld model. Source codes and results from a range of model types allows readers to make their own climate simulations and to view the results of the latest high resolution models. The accompanying CD contains: A suite of resources for those wishing to learn more about climate modelling. A range of model visualisations. Data from climate models for use in the classroom. Windows and Macintosh programs for an Energy Balance Model. Selected figures from the book for inclusion in presentations and lectures. Suitable for 3rd/4th year undergraduates taking courses in climate modelling, economic forecasting, computer science, environmental science, geography and oceanography. Also of relevance to researchers and professionals working in related disciplines with climate models or who need accessible technical background to climate modelling predictions.
Author: Ajiao Chen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Land-atmosphere interactions encompass complex surface processes that exchange energy and matter between land and the atmosphere, which play important roles in modulating variations in climate. Prediction on future climate change calls for more precise prediction models. Improving the representation of physical processes of land-atmosphere interactions and the availability of key variables for characterizing those processes could help reduce uncertainties in the prediction models, and consequently make contribution to extreme weather forecasting and natural disasters prevention. -- Terrestrial water storage (TWS, includes surface water, soil moisture, groundwater, snow, and ice) constitutes a significant memory component within the climate system. However, in Australia, the driest inhabitant continent, there is still a lack of investigation on the long-term TWS variation pattern. In addition, soil moisture as the most variable component of TWS has strong interactions with vegetation and near-surface temperature, but investigations on those interactions have been impeded by the scarcity of soil moisture observations. -- The long-term wetting/drying pattern in Australia was investigated in this thesis by applying the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite derived TWS anomaly and extended datasets. A seesaw pattern of TWS variation between eastern and western Australia was revealed: eastern Australia gaining water, while western Australia is losing water, and vice versa. This phenomenon is resulted from a combination of effects from large-scale climate mode and dynamic vegetation and soil moisture interactions. It highlighted the bidirectional effects between surface vegetation and land water conditions, but such knowledge of Australia remained poorly understood. Results of this thesis for the first time indicated that non-linear interactions between vegetation and TWS occurred in 58% of the area of Australia. Those new findings partly improved our understanding of physical processes in Australia's land-atmosphere interactions. -- On the other hand, this thesis proposes the first use of wavelet decomposed GRACE TWS as a proxy of soil moisture to investigate its relationship with air temperature anomaly/hot extremes at the global scale. Compared to raw TWS, decomposed TWS showed improved skill in explaining temperature variability. It is because that the decomposed components could reflect different roles of moisture at different soil depths in the soil moisture-temperature coupling. The wavelet decomposed TWS also performed better than other commonly used soil moisture proxies (i.e., precipitation relevant index, products derived from land surface model and microwave remote sensing technology). Besides, by using the decomposed TWS to represent local moisture deficit, it played a more important role in influencing hot extreme occurrences in regions with a total area 1.6 times as large as the area strongly influenced by global temperature change during the study period 1985-2015. The results suggested that local land management is essential for combating hot extreme expansion in regions with strong land-atmosphere coupling, and global measures for reducing emissions are required in the face of increasing greenhouse gas forcing. -- In summary, this thesis improved the knowledge of land-atmosphere interactions at continental and global scales through further investigation on TWS variation pattern and its relationships with vegetation and temperature. This thesis also suggested a useful soil moisture proxy, i.e., the wavelet decomposed GRACE TWS, that can be applied to examine other processes in land-atmosphere interactions and to evaluate the performance of land surface models.
Author: Almudena García García Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The interactions between the lower atmosphere and the land surface are associated with weather and climate phenomena such as the duration, frequency and intensity of extreme temperature and precipitation events. Thus, the representation of land- atmosphere interactions in climate model simulations is crucial for projecting future changes in the statistics of extreme events as realistically as possible. Given the importance of the land-atmosphere interaction, the purpose of the thesis is to evaluate climate simulations performed by General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and examine the role of the Land Surface Model (LSM) component and the horizontal resolution over North America. For this purpose, I analyze a large set of simulations from GCMs and RCMs used by the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as well as my own simulations performed by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results show that GCM simulations present large uncertainties in the representation of land-atmosphere interactions in comparison with observations. This work also reveals a dependence of the simulated land-atmosphere interactions on the LSM components used in regional and global simulations. Additionally, the LSM component is identified as an important source of uncertainty in the simulation of extreme temperature and precipitation events. Increasing the horizontal resolution also affects the simulation of land-atmosphere interactions, which lead to the intensification of precipitation, evapotranspiration and soil moisture at low latitudes; that is increased latent heat flux, soil moisture, and precipitation. The impact of both factors, horizontal resolution and the LSM, is larger in summer in agreement with the summer intensification of land-atmosphere interactions reported in the literature. The comparison of model simulations and observations indicates that the use of the most comprehensive LSM component available in WRF, the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4), leads to a better representation of temperature climatologies. In contrast, finer horizontal resolutions are associated with larger biases in the WRF simulation of precipitation climatology, due to the overestimation of precipitation in the WRF model. Due to the large effect of the LSM component on the simulation of near-surface conditions shown in this dissertation, the use of simple version of LSM component in GCMs, RCMs or reanalyses can be an important limitation in climate simulations and reanalysis products.
Author: E.F. Wood
Author: E.F. Wood
Author: Søren Højmark Rasmussen
Author: E. F. Wood
Author: Eric F. Wood
Author: Ram Babu Singh
Author: Luis Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves
Author: Kendal McGuffie
Author: Ajiao Chen
Author: Almudena García García
Author: Darren John Ghent