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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 95
Book Description
A free-drift ice model and a complete sea ice dynamics model are presented and used for simulating trajectories of Arctic sea ice. The development of these models is part of a U.S. Coast Guard study to provide methods for predicting the movement of oil spills in Arctic and sub-Arctic coastal waters. Performance of both models is compared with sea ice motions observed during the AIDJEX main field experiment in the Beaufort Sea from Aqril 1975 to February 1976. The average error in the free-drive model during the summer is 0.010 m/s with a standard deviation of 0.030 m/s while the more complete model gives an error of 0.005 m/s with a standard deviation of 0.020 m/s. The complete ice dynamics model is almost as accurate during the winter (0.005 m/s mean error, 0.036 m/s standard deviation) but the free-drift model performance degrades substantially (0.030 m/s mean error and 0.107 m/s standard deviation). Therefore, both models are useful tools for simulating and predicting summertime ice motions on the Beaufort Sea but only the complete ice dynamics model can accurately describe wintertime ice behavior.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 95
Book Description
A free-drift ice model and a complete sea ice dynamics model are presented and used for simulating trajectories of Arctic sea ice. The development of these models is part of a U.S. Coast Guard study to provide methods for predicting the movement of oil spills in Arctic and sub-Arctic coastal waters. Performance of both models is compared with sea ice motions observed during the AIDJEX main field experiment in the Beaufort Sea from Aqril 1975 to February 1976. The average error in the free-drive model during the summer is 0.010 m/s with a standard deviation of 0.030 m/s while the more complete model gives an error of 0.005 m/s with a standard deviation of 0.020 m/s. The complete ice dynamics model is almost as accurate during the winter (0.005 m/s mean error, 0.036 m/s standard deviation) but the free-drift model performance degrades substantially (0.030 m/s mean error and 0.107 m/s standard deviation). Therefore, both models are useful tools for simulating and predicting summertime ice motions on the Beaufort Sea but only the complete ice dynamics model can accurately describe wintertime ice behavior.
Author: R. S. Pritchard Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 95
Book Description
A free-drift ice model and a complete sea ice dynamics model are presented and used for simulating trajectories of Arctic sea ice. The development of these models is part of a U.S. Coast Guard study to provide methods for predicting the movement of oil spills in Arctic and sub-Arctic coastal waters. Performance of both models is compared with sea ice motions observed during the AIDJEX main field experiment in the Beaufort Sea from Aqril 1975 to February 1976. The average error in the free-drive model during the summer is 0.010 m/s with a standard deviation of 0.030 m/s while the more complete model gives an error of 0.005 m/s with a standard deviation of 0.020 m/s. The complete ice dynamics model is almost as accurate during the winter (0.005 m/s mean error, 0.036 m/s standard deviation) but the free-drift model performance degrades substantially (0.030 m/s mean error and 0.107 m/s standard deviation). Therefore, both models are useful tools for simulating and predicting summertime ice motions on the Beaufort Sea but only the complete ice dynamics model can accurately describe wintertime ice behavior.
Author: Hauke Blanken Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"In recent years the level of oil and gas activity in the Arctic Ocean Basin has increased significantly. Permitting and reasonably safe execution of these activities in ice-infested waters require risk assessments that stretch the limits of currently available oil spill trajectory models. Research has suggested that using a coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean model to simulate oil spill trajectories in ice-infested waters could provide higher accuracy than traditionally parameterized models. This study is a first step towards the development of such a model within the framework of the MIT general circulation model. Oil spills are simulated by continuous release of passive tracers at ten locations in the Arctic Ocean Basin, and tracked in the ocean and sea ice for one year starting at the end of the drilling season, using classical parameterizations to model oil-ice interaction. Trajectories in sea ice are compared to historical sea ice drift data and found to agree reasonably well. 31 simulations with differing sets of historical environmental forcing are carried out to quantify inter-annual variability. Sensitivity to the key parameter, fraction of ice coverage, is found to be low. In general it is concluded that, depending on location, oil spills may be advected up to ~1,700km over a winter season and ~3,500km over one year. The furthest advection of spilled oil is observed in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, Baffin Bay, and East Greenland. Oil spills originating in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Barents Seas are confirmed to cross international boundaries, and all spills are found to have potentially severe impact on coastlines. Where mobile drift ice is present, transport with sea ice is more extensive than transport with ocean currents." --
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 030929889X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 343
Book Description
U.S. Arctic waters north of the Bering Strait and west of the Canadian border encompass a vast area that is usually ice covered for much of the year, but is increasingly experiencing longer periods and larger areas of open water due to climate change. Sparsely inhabited with a wide variety of ecosystems found nowhere else, this region is vulnerable to damage from human activities. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. How can we best prepare to respond to such an event in this challenging environment? Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental assessment in the Arctic region north of the Bering Strait, with emphasis on the potential impacts in U.S. waters. This report describes the unique ecosystems and environment of the Arctic and makes recommendations to provide an effective response effort in these challenging conditions. According to Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment, a full range of proven oil spill response technologies is needed in order to minimize the impacts on people and sensitive ecosystems. This report identifies key oil spill research priorities, critical data and monitoring needs, mitigation strategies, and important operational and logistical issues. The Arctic acts as an integrating, regulating, and mediating component of the physical, atmospheric and cryospheric systems that govern life on Earth. Not only does the Arctic serve as regulator of many of the Earth's large-scale systems and processes, but it is also an area where choices made have substantial impact on life and choices everywhere on planet Earth. This report's recommendations will assist environmentalists, industry, state and local policymakers, and anyone interested in the future of this special region to preserve and protect it from damaging oil spills.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 401
Book Description
Proceedings and summary of a workshop on sea ice, waves, current, and oil spill trajectory modelling. A summary of the information presented on each is included, along with research presently supported and new initiatives needed.
Author: Yonggang Liu Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118671821 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 634
Book Description
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 195. Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Record-Breaking Enterprise presents an overview of some of the significant work that was conducted in immediate response to the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. It includes studies of in situ and remotely sensed observations and laboratory and numerical model studies on the four-dimensional oceanographic conditions in the gulf and their influence on the distribution and fate of the discharged oil. Highlights of the book include discussions of the following: immediate responses to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill using Integrated Ocean Observing System resources; monitoring the surface and subsurface oil using satellites, aircraft, vessels, and AUVs; mapping the oceanographic conditions using satellites, aircraft, vessels, drifters, and moorings; modeling the spreading of surface oil trajectories and the three-dimensional dispersal of subsurface hydrocarbon plumes; oil spill risk analyses and statistical studies on the fate of the oil; and laboratory investigation of ocean stratification related to subsurface plumes. This book will be of value to scientists interested in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico, and the potential for conveyance of oil spilled in the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic. A more technical audience may include those interested in oil spill detection, trajectory model forecasting, and risk analyses and those with an interest in applied oceanography, including scientists, engineers, environmentalists, natural and living marine resource managers and students within academic institutions, agencies, and industries who are involved with the Gulf of Mexico and other regions with offshore oil and gas exploration and production.
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Author: R. S. Pritchard
Author: Hauke Blanken
Author: National Research Council
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Author: Paul R. Becker
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Author: Yonggang Liu
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