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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Preferential flow and solute transport are common processes in the unsaturated soil, in which distributions of soil water content and solute concentrations are often characterized as fractal patterns. An active region model (ARM) was recently proposed to describe the preferential flow and transport patterns. In this study, ARM governing equations were derived to model the preferential soil water flow and solute transport processes. To evaluate the ARM equations, dye infiltration experiments were conducted, in which distributions of soil water content and Cl− concentration were measured. Predicted results using the ARM and the mobile-immobile region model (MIM) were compared with the measured distributions of soil water content and Cl− concentration. Although both the ARM and the MIM are two-region models, they are fundamental different in terms of treatments of the flow region. The models were evaluated based on the modeling efficiency (ME). The MIM provided relatively poor prediction results of the preferential flow and transport with negative ME values or positive ME values less than 0.4. On the contrary, predicted distributions of soil water content and Cl- concentration using the ARM agreed reasonably well with the experimental data with ME values higher than 0.8. The results indicated that the ARM successfully captured the macroscopic behavior of preferential flow and solute transport in the unsaturated soil.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Preferential flow and solute transport are common processes in the unsaturated soil, in which distributions of soil water content and solute concentrations are often characterized as fractal patterns. An active region model (ARM) was recently proposed to describe the preferential flow and transport patterns. In this study, ARM governing equations were derived to model the preferential soil water flow and solute transport processes. To evaluate the ARM equations, dye infiltration experiments were conducted, in which distributions of soil water content and Cl− concentration were measured. Predicted results using the ARM and the mobile-immobile region model (MIM) were compared with the measured distributions of soil water content and Cl− concentration. Although both the ARM and the MIM are two-region models, they are fundamental different in terms of treatments of the flow region. The models were evaluated based on the modeling efficiency (ME). The MIM provided relatively poor prediction results of the preferential flow and transport with negative ME values or positive ME values less than 0.4. On the contrary, predicted distributions of soil water content and Cl- concentration using the ARM agreed reasonably well with the experimental data with ME values higher than 0.8. The results indicated that the ARM successfully captured the macroscopic behavior of preferential flow and solute transport in the unsaturated soil.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309170990 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 398
Book Description
Fluid flow and solute transport within the vadose zone, the unsaturated zone between the land surface and the water table, can be the cause of expanded plumes arising from localized contaminant sources. An understanding of vadose zone processes is, therefore, an essential prerequisite for cost-effective contaminant remediation efforts. In addition, because such features are potential avenues for rapid transport of chemicals from contamination sources to the water table, the presence of fractures and other channel-like openings in the vadose zone poses a particularly significant problem, Conceptual Models of Flow and Transport in the Fractured Vadose Zone is based on the work of a panel established under the auspices of the U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics. It emphasizes the importance of conceptual models and goes on to review the conceptual model development, testing, and refinement processes. The book examines fluid flow and transport mechanisms, noting the difficulty of modeling solute transport, and identifies geochemical and environmental tracer data as important components of the modeling process. Finally, the book recommends several areas for continued research.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Preferential flow commonly observed in unsaturated soils allows rapid movement of solute from the ground surface or vadose zone to the groundwater, bypassing a significant volume of unsaturated soil and increasing the risk of groundwater contamination. A variety of evidence indicates that complex preferential flow patterns observed from fields are fractals. This paper discusses a macroscopic rela-tionship for modeling preferential flow in the vadose zone. Conceptually, the flow domain can be di-vided into active and inactive regions. Flow occurs preferentially in the active region (characterized by fractals), and inactive region is simply bypassed. The portion of the active region was found to be a power function of saturation. The validity of this macroscopic relationship is demonstrated by its consistency with field observations and the related numerical experiments.
Author: David Russo Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642779476 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 323
Book Description
A year has passed since Eshel Bresler, my good friend and colleague, and a member of the editorial board of the Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences, died suddenly while on a visit to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. We had worked together for almost 30 years at the Institute of Soils and Water, ARO, The Volcani Center at Bet Dagan. At the very beginning of our scientific careers we cooperated directly and as a result one of our first publications was coauthored (Soil Sci. 101:205-209, 1966). Thereafter, our specific research interests diver sified, but we continued to work together, with similar approaches to research, and to strive towards the development of Israel soil science and its integration into general worldwide scientific progress. I don't need to emphasize Eshel's contribution to the understan ding of the processes governing water flow and solute transport pro cesses in soils and unsaturated zones. The contributions to this Volume by such a body of outstanding scientists shows the apprecia tion of the international scientific community to his research achievements.
Author: H.J. Morel-Seytoux Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 940092352X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 534
Book Description
This volume certainly is a Conference Proceedings, the Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on "Unsaturated Flow in Hydrologic Modeling" held at "Les Villages du Soleil" near ArIes, France from June 13 to 17, 1988. Let me therefore acknowledge properly, at the very beginning, the gratitude of all the participants to the NATO Science Committee for its generous support and worthwhile goal of bringing together scientists of many countries to communicate and share their experiences. Particular thanks are extended to the director of the program, Dr. Luis Vega da Cunha for his interest and understanding. On the other hand this volume is also, and probably more so, a Textbook that fills a gap in the field of unsaturated flow. Many treatises on the subject present the theory in its different aspects. Hardly any explain in details how the different pieces can be put together to address realistic problems at the basin scale. The various invited contributions to the ARW were structured in a subject progression much as chapters are organized in a book. The intent of the ARW was to assess the current state of knowledge in "Unsaturated Flow" and its use in "Hydrologic Modeling Practice". In a sense the interest in fundamentals of unsaturated flow in this ARW was not just for the sake of knowledge but also and primarily for the sake of action. Can such fundamental knowledge be utilized for better management of the water resource? was the basic question.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Thirteen iodine-starch staining experiments with different boundary conditions and measurement scales were conducted at two sites to study preferential flow processes in natural unsaturated soils. Digital imaging analyses were implemented to obtain the corresponding preferential flow patterns. The test results are used to evaluate a recently proposed active region model in terms of its usefulness and robustness for characterizing unsaturated flow processes at field scale. Test results provide useful insights into flow patterns in unsaturated soils. They show that flow pattern depends on the top boundary condition. As the total infiltrating-water depth increased form 20 mm to 80 mm for the 100 x 100 cm2 plots, the corresponding flow pattern changed from few preferential flow paths associated with a relatively small degree of stained coverage and a small infiltration depth, to a pattern characterized by a higher stained coverage and a larger infiltration depth, and to (finally) a relatively homogeneous flow pattern with few unstained area and a much larger infiltration depth. Test results also show that the preferential flow pattern became generally more heterogeneous and complex for a larger measurement scale (or size of infiltration plot). These observations support the general idea behind the active region model that preferential flow pattern in unsaturated soils are dynamic and depend on water flow conditions. Further analyses of the test results indicate that the active-region model is able to capture the major features of the observed flow pattern at the scale of interest, and the determined parameter values do not significantly depend on the test conditions (initial water content and total amount of infiltrating water) for a given test site. This supports the validity of the active region model that considers that parameter to be a property of the corresponding unsaturated soil. Results also show that some intrinsic relation seems to exist between active-fracture-model parameter and a random-cascade-model parameter. (The latter model is also developed based on the existence of the fractal flow pattern in unsaturated soils.) Furthermore, our test results demonstrate that the active-region-model parameter is not scale-dependent for a range of scales under consideration. Although further studies are needed to confirm this finding, it seems to be consistent with a consideration that some fractal parameters (e.g., fractal dimension) are universal for a large range of scales.
Author: R.A. Feddes Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9781402029189 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 392
Book Description
Mankind has manipulated the quantity and quality of soil water for millennia. Food production was massively increased through fertilization, irrigation and drainage. But malpractice also caused degradation of immense areas of once fertile land, rendering it totally unproductive for many generations. In populated areas, the pollutant load ever more often exceeds the soil’s capacity for buffering and retention, and large volumes of potable groundwater have been polluted or are threatened to be polluted in the foreseeable future. In the past decades, the role of soil water in climate patterns has been recognized but not yet fully understood. The soil-science community responded to this diversity of issues by developing numerical models to simulate the behavior of water and solutes in soils. These models helped improve our understanding of unsaturated-zone processes and develop sustainable land-management practices. Aimed at professional soil scientists, soil-water modelers, irrigation engineers etc., this book discusses our progress in soil-water modeling. Top scientists present case studies, overviews and analyses of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to soil-water modeling. The contributions cover a wide range of spatial scales, and discuss fundamental aspects of unsaturated-zone modeling as well as issues related to the application of models to real-world problems.
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Author: National Research Council
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Author: Hung Viet Nguyen
Author: David Russo
Author: Paul Van der Heijde
Author: Karim C. Abbaspour
Author: H.J. Morel-Seytoux
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Author: R.A. Feddes