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Author: Kristin R. Neuneker Publisher: ISBN: Category : Chinook salmon Languages : en Pages : 230
Book Description
Adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha undertake extensive and energetically costly migrations between food resources in the ocean and their freshwater spawning habitats, requiring them to adapt behavioral and physiological traits that allow them to successfully reach their spawning streams and reproduce. Such adaptations may be shaped by physical factors in the environment and individual- and population-specific biological characteristics. Chinook Salmon in North America are important resources for both United States and Canadian stakeholders, but relatively little is known about their freshwater migration patterns and energetic status in many rivers across their range. This research explored variation in migration timing and migration rates of Chinook Salmon in two Southeast Alaska transboundary rivers (Taku River, Stikine River), examined energetic status at multiple sampling locations in Alaska, and created and tested a predictive model for energetic status using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Migration timing was earlier for fish that spawned in more distant tributaries in both transboundary systems and the Taku River was earlier compared to the Stikine River. Migration rates decreased during periods of high flows, were slower for fish in the Taku River, and were slower in both systems in 2016 compared to 2015. Migration rates were faster for fish with spawning sites farther upstream when compared to those that spawned closer to the river mouth, but these rates decreased over time as fish swam farther upriver. Chinook Salmon (N = 129) sampled for energetic status at the beginning of their freshwater spawning migration had higher total percent lipid than those near the spawning grounds (ANOVA: F = 202.1, df = 3, P
Author: Kristin R. Neuneker Publisher: ISBN: Category : Chinook salmon Languages : en Pages : 230
Book Description
Adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha undertake extensive and energetically costly migrations between food resources in the ocean and their freshwater spawning habitats, requiring them to adapt behavioral and physiological traits that allow them to successfully reach their spawning streams and reproduce. Such adaptations may be shaped by physical factors in the environment and individual- and population-specific biological characteristics. Chinook Salmon in North America are important resources for both United States and Canadian stakeholders, but relatively little is known about their freshwater migration patterns and energetic status in many rivers across their range. This research explored variation in migration timing and migration rates of Chinook Salmon in two Southeast Alaska transboundary rivers (Taku River, Stikine River), examined energetic status at multiple sampling locations in Alaska, and created and tested a predictive model for energetic status using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Migration timing was earlier for fish that spawned in more distant tributaries in both transboundary systems and the Taku River was earlier compared to the Stikine River. Migration rates decreased during periods of high flows, were slower for fish in the Taku River, and were slower in both systems in 2016 compared to 2015. Migration rates were faster for fish with spawning sites farther upstream when compared to those that spawned closer to the river mouth, but these rates decreased over time as fish swam farther upriver. Chinook Salmon (N = 129) sampled for energetic status at the beginning of their freshwater spawning migration had higher total percent lipid than those near the spawning grounds (ANOVA: F = 202.1, df = 3, P
Author: Stephanie Berkman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Chinook salmon Languages : en Pages : 222
Book Description
Highly variable recruitment and declines in productivity and abundance of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha have created economic and cultural hardships for communities throughout Alaska. Although pre- and post-smolt growth are important for determining brood-year (BY) survival and productivity for Pacific salmon through size-mediated mortality, these relationships remain unclear for Chinook Salmon. As a result, it is necessary to better understand the relationships between environmental and biological factors that influence freshwater and marine growth, smolt outmigrations, and recruitment success. This study used retrospective growth to identify the importance of annual growth in determining BY survival and recruitment, determine if growth dependency between growth zones was present, and examine growth differences among age classes for Chinook Salmon in the Chilkat (BYs 1985 - 2007) and Stikine (BYs 1991 - 1998 and 2000 - 2007) rivers. Biological and environmental factors were also assessed to determine their influence on freshwater smolt production, smolt outmigration, and marine survival. Greater first-year marine growth was correlated with higher BY total return and productivity for Chinook Salmon from the Chilkat River and higher BY marine survival for Chinook Salmon from the Stikine River. Daily smolt outmigration of Chilkat River Chinook Salmon was positively correlated to water temperature and negatively correlated to discharge (Deviance explained = 68.5%), while timing of the start of outmigration was influenced by nearshore sea surface temperatures (R2 = 0.57) and timing of the mid and end points were positively related to smolt length (R2 = 0.72 and 0.34, respectively). Freshwater smolt production was negatively correlated to parr length and fall discharge and positively correlated to spring temperature and discharge (R2adj= 0.52). Marine survival of Stikine River Chinook Salmon was significantly related to smolt size (R2 = 0.26), while Chilkat River Chinook Salmon were positively related to migration timing and smolt length and negatively related to discharge (R2 = 0.5). These results support the importance of the early marine period in determining year-class strength and highlight the variation in mechanisms that influence recruitment success of Chinook Salmon stocks.
Author: Cornelis Groot Publisher: UBC Press ISBN: 9780774859868 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 534
Book Description
Every year, countless juvenile Pacific salmon leave streams and rivers on their migration to feeding grounds in the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. After periods ranging from a few months to several years, adult salmon enter rivers along the coasts of Asia and North America to spawn and complete their life cycle. Within this general outline, various life history patterns, both among and within species, involve diverse ways of exploiting freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats. There are seven species of Pacific salmon. Five (coho, chinook chum, pink, and sockeye) occur in both North America and Asia. Their complex life histories and spectacular migrations have long fascinated biologists and amateurs alike. Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon provides comprehensive reviews by leading researchers of the physiological adaptations that allow Pacific Salmon to sustain themselves in the diverse environments in which they live. It begins with an analysis of energy expenditure and continues with reviews of locomotion, growth, feeding, and nutrition. Subsequent chapters deal with osmotic adjustments enabling the passage between fresh and salt water, nitrogen excretion and regulation of acid-base balance, circulation and gas transfer, and finally, responses to stress. This thorough and authoritative volume will be a valuable reference for students and researchers of biology and fisheries science as they seek to understand the environmental requirements for the perpetuation of these unique and valuable species.
Author: Andrew P. Hendry Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401005850 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 528
Book Description
From guppies to Galapagos finches and from adaptive landscapes to haldanes, this compilation of contributed works provides reviews, perspectives, theoretical models, statistical developments, and empirical demonstrations exploring the tempo and mode of microevolution on contemporary to geological time scales. New developments, and reviews, of classic and novel empirical systems demonstrate the strength and diversity of evolutionary processes producing biodiversity within species. Perspectives and theoretical insights expand these empirical observations to explore patterns and mechanisms of microevolution, methods for its quantification, and implications for the evolution of biodiversity on other scales. This diverse assemblage of manuscripts is aimed at professionals, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates who desire a timely synthesis of current knowledge, an illustration of exciting new directions, and a springboard for future investigations in the study of microevolution in the wild.
Author: Jack M. Van Hyning Publisher: ISBN: Category : Chinook salmon Languages : en Pages : 848
Book Description
A study of the population ecology of Columbia River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), was made in an attempt to determine the cause of a serious decline in this run which occurred in the early 1950's. Fluctuations in abundance of major salmon runs the North Pacific were examined to detect any coastwide pattern. Only chinook salmon in Cook Inlet, Alaska, and chum salmon from Oregon to southwestern Alaska showed a similar trend. The following life history stages broken down into pre- and post-decline years were examined: (1) marine life including distribution and migration, growth and maturity, survival rate, oceanography, and commercial and sport fisheries; (2) upstream migration including river fisheries, gear selectivity, size and age composition of the run, escapement, and influence of dams, diseases, and water quality; (3) reproduction and incubation including spawning areas and spawning and incubation conditions; and (4) downstream migration which included predation, dams and reservoirs, diseases, flow, turbidity and temperature, and estuary life. Salient points of the analysis were: (1) a change in the maturity and survival pattern based on tagged and fin-clipped fish recovered before and after 1950; (2) a significant negative correlation between sea-water temperature during a year class' first year at sea and subsequent survival; (3) a large increase in the ocean fisheries coincident with the decline in the run; (4) catch-effort statistics of the ocean fishery show a near classic example of the effect of overexploitation; (5) estimates of the contribution of Columbia River chinook to the ocean fisheries based on tag recoveries could be underestimates rather than overestimates; (6) a significant inverse correlation between estimated ocean catch of Columbia River fall chinook and numbers entering the river; (7) size and age composition of the ocean and river catches decreased coincident with the decline in the run; (8) the gill-net fishery shows little size selectivity by age, size, or sex in the dominant group; (9) fluctuations in abundance of hatchery stocks are related to differences in survival between fingerling and adult; (10) hatchery, lower river, and upriver populations fluctuate in abundance in much the same pattern; (11) optimum escapement is between 90,000 and 100,000 adults, a value that was exceeded during most years; (12) a highly significant negative correlation between numbers of spawners and return per spawner; (13) most of the early dams had no direct effect on fall chinook and the decline in productivity occurred when river conditions were relatively stable; (14) temperatures at time of migration and spawning for fall chinook have not increased enough to be a serious mortality factor; (15) little relationship between flow, turbidity, and temperature at time of downstream migration and subsequent return was evident except that high temperatures and high flows (and turbidities) tended to produce poorer runs during certain time periods; and (16) predation and delay of smolts in reservoirs are largely unknown factors, but circumstantial evidence suggests that they were not important in regulating fall chinook numbers during the period of the study. Finally, variables that appeared to bear some relationship to fluctuations in abundance of fall chinook were submitted to multiple regression analysis. For the predecline period (1938-46 brood years), sea-water temperature and ocean troll fishing effort were significant variables (R2 = 0.74). For post decline years (1947-59 broods), troll had the most influence on total return with ocean temperature and escapement having lesser effects. For the combined years, troll intensity and ocean temperature were the significant variables (R2 = 0.572). Entering interaction of river flow at downstream migration with the other variables brought R2 to 0.754 which means that 75% of the variability in the returning run could be accounted for by these three factors. Return per spawner was so heavily influenced by numbers of spawners that the other factors assumed negligible importance. Equations were derived that predicted the returning run in close agreement with the actual run size. Substituting a low and constant troll fishing effort in the equation resulted in the predicted run maintaining the average predecline level. The increase in ocean fishing was the main contributor to the decline of the Columbia River fall chinook run as shown by correlation, by analogy, and by the process of elimination. To demonstrate why other chinook runs have not shown similar declines, it was shown that due to several unique features in Columbia River fall chinook life history they are exposed to much more ocean fishing than other populations. It was emphasized that these conclusions should not be extrapolated to the future or to other species or runs of salmon.
Author: Kristin R. Neuneker
Author: Kristin R. Neuneker
Author: Charmane E. Ashbrook
Author: Richard G. Rowland
Author: 
Author: Stephanie Berkman
Author: Amy Pinson
Author: Cornelis Groot
Author: Andrew P. Hendry
Author: George Guillen
Author: Jack M. Van Hyning