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Author: J. F.POWELL HAINFELD (R. D.FURUYA, F. R.) Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 23
Book Description
Gold has been used for immunocytochemistry since 1971 when Faulk and Taylor discovered adsorption of antibodies to colloidal gold. It is an ideal label for electron microscopy (EM) due to its high atomic number, which scatters electrons efficiently, and the fact that preparative methods have been developed to make uniform particles in the appropriate size range of 5 to 30 nm. Use in light microscopy (LM) generally requires silver enhancement (autometallography; AMG) of these small gold particles. Significant advances in this field since that time have included a better understanding of the conditions for best antibody adsorption, more regular gold size production, adsorption of other useful molecules, like protein A, and advances in silver enhancement. Many studies have also been accomplished showing the usefulness of these techniques to cell biology and biomedical research. A further advance in this field was the development of Nanogold{trademark}, a 1.4 nm gold cluster. A significant difference from colloidal gold is that Nanogold is actually a coordination compound containing a gold core covalently linked to surface organic groups. These in turn may be covalently attached to antibodies. This approach to immunolabeling has several advantages compared to colloidal gold such as vastly better penetration into tissues, generally greater sensitivity, and higher density of labeling. Since Nanogold is covalently coupled to antibodies, it may also be directly coupled to almost any protein, peptide, carbohydrate, or molecule of interest, including molecules which do not adsorb to colloidal gold. This increases the range of probes possible, and expands the applications of gold labeling.
Author: J. F.POWELL HAINFELD (R. D.FURUYA, F. R.) Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 23
Book Description
Gold has been used for immunocytochemistry since 1971 when Faulk and Taylor discovered adsorption of antibodies to colloidal gold. It is an ideal label for electron microscopy (EM) due to its high atomic number, which scatters electrons efficiently, and the fact that preparative methods have been developed to make uniform particles in the appropriate size range of 5 to 30 nm. Use in light microscopy (LM) generally requires silver enhancement (autometallography; AMG) of these small gold particles. Significant advances in this field since that time have included a better understanding of the conditions for best antibody adsorption, more regular gold size production, adsorption of other useful molecules, like protein A, and advances in silver enhancement. Many studies have also been accomplished showing the usefulness of these techniques to cell biology and biomedical research. A further advance in this field was the development of Nanogold{trademark}, a 1.4 nm gold cluster. A significant difference from colloidal gold is that Nanogold is actually a coordination compound containing a gold core covalently linked to surface organic groups. These in turn may be covalently attached to antibodies. This approach to immunolabeling has several advantages compared to colloidal gold such as vastly better penetration into tissues, generally greater sensitivity, and higher density of labeling. Since Nanogold is covalently coupled to antibodies, it may also be directly coupled to almost any protein, peptide, carbohydrate, or molecule of interest, including molecules which do not adsorb to colloidal gold. This increases the range of probes possible, and expands the applications of gold labeling.
Author: Catherine Louis Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 1786341263 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 681
Book Description
Gold Nanoparticles for Physics, Chemistry and Biology offers an overview of recent research into gold nanoparticles, covering their discovery, usage and contemporary practical applications.This Second Edition begins with a history of over 2000 years of the use of gold nanoparticles, with a review of the specific properties which make gold unique. Updated chapters include gold nanoparticle preparation methods, their plasmon resonance and thermo-optical properties, their catalytic properties and their future technological applications. New chapters have been included, and reveal the growing impact of plasmonics in research, with an introduction to quantum plasmonics, plasmon assisted catalysis and electro-photon conversion. The growing field of nanoparticles for health is also addressed with a study of gold nanoparticles as radiosensibiliser for radiotherapy, and of gold nanoparticle functionalisation. This new edition also considers the relevance of bimetallic nanoparticles for specific applications.World-class scientists provide the most up-to-date findings for an introduction to gold nanoparticles within the related areas of chemistry, biology, material science, optics and physics. It is perfectly suited to advanced level students and researchers looking to enhance their knowledge in the study of gold nanoparticles.
Author: Yitian Zeng Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Over the past two decades, nanotechnology has demonstrated great potential in the field of biology and medicine. Nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, with their superior chemical and physical properties, are widely used in a variety of biomedical research, ways ranging from cancer early detection (e.g. liquid biopsy) to treatment (e.g. hyperthermia therapy). On the other hand, advances in nano characterization techniques have enabled new investigations of naturally occurring nanoscale features in the body, in order to understand the pathological processes associated with them. This dissertation describes the use of advanced electron microscopy to characterize nanomaterials of relevance to the field of medicine. Some nanoparticles are lithographically fabricated, some are chemically synthesized, and others are directly extracted from tissues and cells. The morphological, crystallographic, chemical, optical and other physical properties of these nanoparticles are evaluated using a combination of imaging, diffraction and advanced spectroscopy techniques in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the first part of this work, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) gold nanoparticles were optimized for sensitive detection of tumors by correlating localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) with surface enhancement. Electron beam lithography was used to prototype gold nanostructures with a wide variety of shapes, size, interspacing and in different dielectric environments. The LSPR of these structures were measured using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscope operated in scanning mode (STEM) with monochromation. It is found that nanoparticle size and dielectric environment have the most significant effects on localized surface plasmons, which is collective oscillation modes of the free electron gas at the metal surface. By contrast, interspacing has a weaker influence on surface plasmons for the range studied in this dissertation. Larger nanoparticle size and higher dielectric constant result in lower surface plasmon energies. The novelty of this work is that the LSPR from various nanostructure arrays were correlated with their Raman spectra acquired at different illuminating laser energies after incubation with a Raman dye. It is demonstrated that the largest Raman signal intensities are obtained when the illuminating laser energy coincides with, or is slightly higher than, the gold nanoparticle surface plasmon resonance energies (e.g. 90 nm diameter nanodisc particles with a LSPR energy of 1.94 eV show strongest Raman signal enhancement under a 638 nm (1.94 eV) wavelength laser excitation). By comparing various nanostructure shapes with similar surface plasmon energies, it is shown that sharper nanostructures tend to exhibit stronger surface enhancement. This information is useful in designing nanoparticle combinations to generate the largest SERS enhancement for detection of early stage medical problems such as cancer. The second part of this work is focused on naturally occurring particles, in particular, iron deposits in the hippocampal region of a brain to understand the pathological processes related to Alzheimer's diseases (AD). Recent work on iron accumulation in AD brains has led researchers to hypothesize that the oxidation state of iron may be related to neurodegeneration because ferrous iron, compared with ferric iron, may cause oxidative damage and antioxidant depletion on neurons. First, iron rich regions from AD brain tissues were located using correlative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical microscopy (OM), SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Cross-sections of tissue containing iron deposits were then extracted using focused ion beam (FIB) and subsequently thinned to make them electron transparent. The relative concentrations of ferric and ferrous ions within the iron deposits were determined by studying the intensity ratios of Fe L3:L2 edges from the energy loss near edge structure (ELNES) of the Fe L edge using monochromated STEM-EELS as above. Massive correlation across biological and physical microscopy and spectroscopy techniques was demonstrated for the first time in this work. These observations and insights provide supporting evidence of ferrous iron as being possibly associated with AD. The third and final section addresses characterization of artificial and natural nanoparticle composites. These hybrid nanoparticles, fabricated via a simple extrusion method, can greatly increase the target specificity and cellular uptake in various biomedical applications such as cancer imaging and drug delivery. A negative staining technique was utilized to provide contrast of biological components of these nanoparticles in TEM, and specific proteins of interest were labeled with antibodies conjugated to 100 nm diameter gold iron oxide nanoparticles (GIONs). The combination of superior magnetic, photonic and other physical properties from artificial nanoparticles, along with cellular specificity and biological compatibility from natural nanoparticles makes these hybrid nanoparticles useful for multi-modality imaging and possible medical treatment. Overall, electron microscopy is a versatile and powerful methodology for characterization of a wide variety of nanomaterials. Advanced microscopic and spectroscopic techniques such as monochromatic STEM-EELS and EDS, which are rarely used in the life sciences, have great potential in bringing unique insight into biomedical research.
Author: Mansour Ghorbanpour Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319468359 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 552
Book Description
This book provides in-depth reviews of the effects of nanoparticles on the soil environment, their interactions with plants and also their potential applications as nanofertilizers and pesticides. It offers insights into the current trends and future prospects of nanotechnology, including the benefits and risks and the impact on agriculture and soil ecosystems. Individual chapters explore topics such as nanoparticle biosynthesis, engineered nanomaterials, the use of nanoclays for remediation of polluted sites, nanomaterials in water desalination, their effect on seed germination, plant growth, and nutrient transformations in soil, as well as the use of earthworms as bioremediating agents for nanoparticles. It is a valuable resource for researchers in academia and industry working in the field of agriculture, crop protection, plant sciences, applied microbiology, soil biology and environmental sciences.
Author: Lev Dykman Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351360477 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 365
Book Description
This book discusses fabrication of functionalized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and multifunctional nanocomposites, their optical properties, and applications in biological studies. This is the very first book of its kind to comprehensively discuss published data on in vitro and in vivo biodistribution, toxicity, and uptake of GNP by mammalian cells providing a systematization of data over the GNP types and parameters, their surface functionalization, animal and cell models. As distinct from other related books, Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications discusses the immunological properties of GNPs and summarizes their applications as an antigen carrier and adjuvant in immunization for the preparation of antibodies in vivo. Although the potential of GNPs in nanobiotechnology has been recognized for the past decade, new insights into the unique properties of multifunctional nanostructures have recently emerged. With these developments in mind, this book unites ground breaking experimental data with a discussion of hybrid nanoparticle systems that combine different nanomaterials to create multifunctional structures. These novel hybrids constitute the material basis of theranostics, bringing together the advanced properties of functionalized GNPs and composites into a single multifunctional nanostructure with simultaneous diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Such nanohybrids can be physically and chemically tailored for a particular organ, disease, and patient thus making personalized medicine available.
Author: P. V. Mohanan Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811978344 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 771
Book Description
This book covers the recent trends on the biological applications of nanomaterials, methods for their preparation, and techniques for their characterization. Further, the book examines the fundamentals of nanotoxicity, methods to assess the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials, approaches to reduce toxicity during synthesis. It also provides an overview of the state of the art in the application of Artificial intelligence-based methodologies for evaluation of toxicity of drugs and nanoparticles. The book further discusses nanocarrier design, routes of various nanoparticle administration, nano based drug delivery systems, and the toxicity challenges associated with each drug delivery method. It presents the latest advances in the interaction of nanoparticles with the cellular environment and assess nanotoxicity of these engineered nanoparticles. The book also explores the comparative and mechanistic genotoxicity assessment of the nanomaterials. This book is useful source of information for industrial practitioners, policy makers, and other professionals in the fields of toxicology, medicine, pharmacology, food, and drugs.
Author: Mikhail Soloviev Publisher: Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN: Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 586
Book Description
The modern fascination with micro- and nano-sized materials can actually be traced back further to the 1960s and ‘70s when the first few reported attempts were made to use nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. In Nanoparticles in Biology and Medicine: Methods and Protocols, experts in the field present a wide range of methods for synthesis, surface modification, characterization, and application of nano-sized materials (nanoparticles) in life science and medical fields, mostly for drug delivery. The methods presented cover all stages of nanoparticle manufacturing, modification, analysis, and applications. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Nanoparticles in Biology and Medicine: Methods and Protocols will help the beginner become familiar with this fascinating field and will provide scientists at all levels of expertise with easy-to-follow practical advice needed to make, modify, and analyze nanoparticles of their choice and to use them in a wide range of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, including functional protein studies, drug delivery, immunochemistry, imaging, and many others.
Author: Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323139027 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 517
Book Description
Since its introduction in 1971, the development and application of colloidal gold as a marker in electron microscopy has been phenomenal. Colloidal gold has become the method of choice in immunocytochemistry and many areas of cell biology. This universal method is applicable to most microscopical systems including optical microscopy; scanning, transmission, and high voltage electron microscopy; photoelectron, photon, fluorescent darkfield, and epipolarization microscopy. Colloidal gold allows high and low resolution studies, enzyme and nucleic acid labeling, study of dynamic cellular processes, and virus detection. This book is among the first available to cover the principles and methodology of colloidal gold in microscopy. - Methods are described step by step, to enable researchers to learn these complex procedures solely by reference to these books - Problems and limitations of techniques are discussed - Guides users to avoid problems and choose the correct procedures for specific applications - Contributors are eminent authorities in their fields
Author: Valerio Voliani Publisher: Smithers Rapra ISBN: 1847356443 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 156
Book Description
In the last decade, gold nanoparticles have provided a suitable platform for the development of novel and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tools, which avoid the typical drawbacks of the old systems. They are biocompatible and they can be easily synthesised, encapsulated and functionalised with (bio)molecules. Nanoparticles produced by a wet chemistry synthesis have the geometry, which enables the complete control of their optical and physical properties. It is also possible to influence the targeting and stability/release behaviour by coating the nanoparticle surface. In this Update the reader can find in a single volume the methods used most often for the synthesis and coating of gold nanoparticles (spheres, cages, cubes, rods), the links between optical features and geometries of gold nanoparticles, and the novel applications in nanomedicine of gold nanoparticles determined by their geometry. One of the main objectives of this Update is to provide, a readily comprehensible connection in all the chapters between the geometry of gold nanoparticles and their final applications. Another target of this book is to provide information about efficient processes for the synthesis and the coating of gold nanoparticles, all of which have been directly tested by the author. This Update offers comprehensive information on the whole topic from the synthesis of the gold nanoparticles to their medical applications; this is accompanied by a complete and recent bibliography, in order to give to the readers the opportunity to research further the topics addressed in the book. In this way, students and researchers from academia and industry can have a complete picture of gold nanostructures, physicians and biologists can develop ideas and applications for the new nano-tools, and chemists can have a general guide to the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. This is a state-of-the-art guide for the synthesis and uses of gold nanoparticles.
Author: Neeraj Kumar Mishra Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 9535126407 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 142
Book Description
Gold, considered catalytically inactive for a long time, is now a fascinating partner of modern chemistry, as scientists such as Bond, Teles, Haruta, Hutchings, Ito and Hayashi opened new perspectives for the whole synthetic chemist community. Recently gold has attracted significant attention due to its advantageous characteristics as a catalytic material and since it allows easy functionalization with biologically active molecules. In this context, when gold is prepared as very small particles, it turns out to be a highly active catalyst. However, such a phenomenon completely disappears when the gold particle size grows into the micrometer range. Therefore, the preparation for obtaining an active gold catalyst is so important. The primary objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of gold metal nanoparticles and their application as promising catalysts.
Author: J. F.POWELL HAINFELD (R. D.FURUYA, F. R.)
Author: J. F.POWELL HAINFELD (R. D.FURUYA, F. R.)
Author: Catherine Louis
Author: Yitian Zeng
Author: Mansour Ghorbanpour
Author: Lev Dykman
Author: P. V. Mohanan
Author: Mikhail Soloviev
Author: 
Author: Valerio Voliani
Author: Neeraj Kumar Mishra